Do Animals Need A Bill of Rights? Essay

Animals on a daily basis all over the world are being mistreated and abused by many people that do not care for them. There are very few people attempting to protect these animals, whether they are domestic animals, farm animals, or wildlife animals. More attention should be drawn to the treatment of animals because even if we do have laws for animals and for their well being, many people still do not follow these laws. The laws already established for animals should be enforced, because I do agree that animals need protection, as in free from any harm done towards them purposely, but to have a Bill of Rights specifically made for animals seems extreme. Reasons for believing that animals need protection from any harm done to them from humanity is that many animals are being used for scientific experiments that harm these animals in a cruel way. Yes, there are experiments that use animals and may not harm them in any way, which is fine if there’s no harm being done to them. For example in the article â€Å"A Change of Heart about Animals† by Jeremy Rifkin states, â€Å"In controlled experiments, scientists at Oxford University reported that two birds named Betty and Abel were given a choice between using two tools, one a straight wire, the other a hooked wire, to snag a piece of meat from inside a tube.† This experiment was fine to conduct because in no way were these crows harmed. The only thing the scientists were doing was observing the crow’s behavior. If there needs to be experiments done to animals for whatever reason, the experiments should be conducted in a way that the animals are not harmed. Another reason for believing that animals need protection is that animals are being harmed or mistreated by people who have a habit of using animals for entertainment. A form of entertainment for humanity from animals in a cruel way is hunting wildlife animals and killing them or fishing. Lions, tigers, bears, dears, and cheetahs are examples of wildlife animals that are hunted and killed for either their meat or fur. Fishing is also a form of entertainment for sportsmen that catch fish to eat and don’t realize the pain caused to the fish when the sportsmen kill them.  For example in the article, â€Å"Hooked on a Myth† by Victoria Braithwaite states, â€Å"Every year, sportsmen around the world drag millions of fish to shore on barbed hook s. It’s something people have always done, and with little enough conscience.† This shows how people do not think of the harm they are doing to fish. Just because the fish are not crying or yelling with pain does not mean they are not feeling it. We as humans need to think of the animals as living as well. We humans may not understand them, but animals do have feelings and we need to pay more attention to their treatment. Animals are also used for research such as human’s closest relatives, which are apes, gorillas, and chimpanzees. There are people who believe since these specific animals are as close in DNA as us that they should be used for research to find out how our â€Å"species† function. In the article, â€Å"Of Primates and Personhood: Will According Rights and â€Å"Dignity† to Nonhuman Organisms Halt Research?† by Ed Yong, Franz de Waal of Emory University, says â€Å"I do think we have special obligations to the great apes as our closest relatives, but if we give rights to apes, what would be the compelling reason not to give rights to monkeys, dogs, rats, and so on?† Apes should not be the only animals receiving rights only because they are our closest relatives. Other animals are being used for research and not cared for, why should they suffer? I believe it is inhumane of us to be so blind of all the harm being done to all animals just for our convenience. In no way do animal’s benefit from being killed and used as research, we on the other hand utilize them as if they were objects. The issue worldwide is that these animals are being mistreated and abused by humans and therefore should be protected from us, but not make a big decision such as making a Bill of Rights for animals. There are laws already established to protect these animals, and should just be enforced. If these laws are broken by us humans then we should have a punishment, but that’s all it should be a law to protect these animals and do no harm to them. We should not go to an extreme and create a Bill of Rights for animals.

Educational Philosophy Essay

Human nature is the product of one’s environment. Change the environment to change the behavior. Reinforce good behavior, punish bad behavior Conservation of cultural heritage preserves the wisdom of the achievements of humankind. Behavior evolves within the conditioning influence of the institutional system, tradition is the repository of a collective social intelligence. Constructivism is an educational methodology which asserts that learners should be taught in a way that allows them to construct their own understandings about a subject. The purpose of the teacher is not to cover material but to help the child â€Å"uncover† the facts and ideas in a subject area. Essentialists believe that children should learn traditional basic subjects. (Reading, Writing, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Math, Science, Art, and Music. ) Generally teaches children progressively, from less complex skills to more complex. Schools should transmit the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens. Focus is on basic skills. Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Do not accept any predetermined creed or philosophical system and from that try to define who we are. Aim for the progressing of humanity. Use independent thinking. It engages the student in central questions of defiming life and who we are. Answers imposed from the outside may not be real answers. The only real answers are the ones that come from inside each person, that are authentically his or her own. For the existentialist, there exists no universal form of human nature; each of us has the free will to develop as we see fit. â€Å"Stimulate learners to achieve a more vital and fuller identification with the Absolute Mind or the Macrocosm†¦ Students come into a gradually expanding mental awareness that leads to self-definition based on a comprehensive understanding or perspective of the universe. † (Gutek, p21) Liberalism focuses on the individual. Ideas come from experience. Sensation and reflection create learning. Behavior Modification Conserve/preserve heritage. Constructivism Essentialism Willaim C. Bagley Arthur Bestor Existentialism Idealism Plato Liberalism John Locke Marxism Karl Marx Marxism promotes socialism, as opposed to capitalism where one class oppresses another. Education is use d to change society. Naturalism Rousseau The child should develop in the natural way s/he is designed, guiding the process Perennialism Perennialism Robert M. Hutchins Perennialists believe that one should teach the things of everlasting importance to all people everywhere. They believe that the most important topics develop a person. Philosophy is improtant to study. Studens should learn principles, not facts, teach scientific reasoning, not facts. Teach first about humans, not machines or techniques.. Perennialism focuses first on personal development. Prepared for ED828 Educational Philosophies and Change Jean Marrapodi †¢ Capella University †¢ September 2003 Construct new ideas Back to the Basics What is real? Striving for the ideal Blank slate of individual experience All for all Natural development of the child Like perennial flowers, great principles repeat Educational Philosophies. Philosophy Pragmatism Philosophers Beliefs Key Thought John Dewey Scientific problem solving, experiential learning Progressivism William Kilpatrick Realism Aristotle â€Å"Ideas were to be judged by their consequences when acted on; truth was a warranted assertion, a tentative statement based on the application of hypotheses to solving problems; logic, following the scientific method was experimental; values were experienced within the context of ethical and aesthetic problems and issues charged by the unique features of particular situations. † Gutek, p 77. Progressivists believe that education must be based on the fact that humans are social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other people. Teachers provide not just reading and drill, but also real-world experiences and activities that center around the real life of the students. Discovery follows the scientific method: 1. Become aware of the problem. 2. Define the problem. 3. Propose hypotheses to solve it. 4. Test the consequences of the hypotheses from one’s past experience. 5. Test the most likely solution. â€Å"Cultivate human rationality, the human’s highest power, through the study of organized bodies of knowledge†¦encourage human beings to define themselves by framing their choices rationally, to realize themselves by exercising their potentiality for excellence to the fullest, and to integrate themselves by ordering the various roles and claims of life according to a rational an hierarchical order. † Gutek, p 41 Education should examine, define the problems and change the social structure of society. Rebuilding Society George S. Counts Social Reconstructionism. â€Å"Learn by Doing! † Rationally real Theistic Realism Thomas Aquinas Similar to realism, but God is central God in the core Totalitarianism Adolph Hitler Totalitarianism is a political system in which a citizen is totally subject to state authority in all aspects of day-to-day life. Government controls education. Total dependence on government Utopianism Robert Owen A perfect society can be achieved through the education of the young. Perfect society through education Prepared for ED828 Educational Philosophies and Change Jean Marrapodi †¢ Capella University †¢ September 2003.

Report on Robi

[pic] Career Planning & Development in ROBI Table of Contents Acknowledgement04 Executive Summary04 Objective05 Primary Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 05 Report Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Methodology05 Limitations05 Company Overview06 Mission †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 Vision†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 Theme†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 06 Major Milestones of Robi07 Statement of the Topic08 Training Programs in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Importance of T&D Process In Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦09 Training Process In Robi10 In-House Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 Foreign Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Supervision of training by ROBI HR Department†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Objectives of Training Programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Training Plan Trainee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Training Needs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 Training Time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Training Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Trainer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Trainee Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Table of Contents Development Programs in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Importance of Development Programs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Development Process In Robi Way of Conducting Development Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Job Rotation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Junior Board†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 16 Problems of T&D Process in Robi†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Acknowledgement The term paper on is prepared for Dr. Zahed Husain Sikder, the course instructor of undergraduate program, School of Business at American International University of Bangladesh (AIUB). This report is the partial requirement of HR Planning and Forecasting (BBA-00986) course during the Summer-2011 and submitted at the same semester. Executive Summary Telecom industry is one of the significant industries of Bangladesh.There are some very strong participants in this sector, which has made this a very competitive market. Despite the high entry costs, new companie s are gradually coming into this industry. Currently there are 6 competitors in this telecom market in our country. AXIATA Group take over the ownership of AKTEL and very recently they have been reformed with new slogan, new motto and last but not the least, they have changed their brand name to ROBI from what it was earlier, AKTEL. Good quality with providing full customer satisfaction is the main mission of ROBI.As because AXIATA Group came with a new name and new mission, they have set their target customers primarily will be young generation and apart from that they will try to reach more of their existing customers with their new products and services and also they want to make huge contribution in the socio-economy of our country. So their focus is to provide refreshment to the customers in a comparatively cheaper call rates and other customer services. ROBI have some competitors for example: GrameenPhone Ltd, Bangla Link, Airtel Bangladesh, City Cell Ltd, and Tele Talk. ROBI wants to make huge impression in this industry and they ill try to capture more and more market shares, so they will inform all aged people by following advertising and other sales promotion. As it has changed their name, it is little bit difficult to capture the customer’s attraction and once the customers will familiar with the product, and then it will be very easy to launch our product in its selected areas. ROBI is always trying to focus improving its products and services based on customer demand, satisfaction and preferences. Objective Primary Objective: The primary objective of this project is to learn about the Training and Development process of the ROBI mobile company.Report objective: ? Detailed information about Training and development process of the company. ? To focus on different types of Training programmes, Supervisor of the programmes, Trainee, Trainer, Training time, Training place, Training needs, Trainee evaluation. ? To focus on different Development p rogrammes and different Development process. ? To know the problems of Training and Development process and recommendation for that problems. Methodology We used Secondary data to make this report. And that is why the data and information is taken from newspaper, business magazines, and catalogs and also from the internet.Limitations The major limitation factor for this report was primarily the reluctance and strict devotion to confidentiality maintenance attitude shown by the official website of ROBI mobile company. Moreover, some information was withheld to preserve privacy of the company. So, we couldn’t give the exact information always. Most of all we had very little time to finish this project. If we had some time more the project could have been better. But inspite of that we have tried our level best to make the report data more meaningful. Company Overview Robi is a dynamic and leading countrywide GSM communication solutions provider.It is a joint venture company bet ween Axiata and NTT DoCoMo, Japan. Robi was officially commenced its operations in 1997 among the pioneers GSM mobile telecommunications provider in Bangladesh. Covering all 64 districts of the country, Robi  has become the first mobile operator to connect Tetulia and Teknaf, the northern and southern most points of Bangladesh and the first to provide seamless coverage along the Dhaka-Chittagong highway. Robi  supports 2G voice, CAMEL phase 2 and GPRS/EDGE service with high speed internet connectivity. It has the widest International Roaming coverage in Bangladesh connecting 440 operators across 203 countries.Robi’s GSM service is based on a robust network architecture and cutting edge technology such as Intelligent Network (IN), which provides peace-of-mind solutions in terms of voice clarity, extensive nationwide network coverage, and multiple global partners for international roaming. Robi  customer centric solution includes value added services (VAS), quality custom er care, easy access call centers, digital network security, and flexible tariff rates. With its strengths and competencies developed over the years, Robi  aims to provide the best quality service experience in terms of coverage and connectivity to its customers all over Bangladesh.Vision: To be a leader as a Telecommunication Service Provider in Bangladesh. Mission: ROBI aims to be achieving its vision through being number â€Å"One† not only in terms of market share, but also by being an employer of choice with up-to date knowledge and products geared to address the ever changing needs of our budding nation. Theme: â€Å"Customer First† Major Milestones of ROBI ? First time introduced the ‘mobile Plus (PSTN Incoming Connectivity only) Product Services' in Bangladesh. ? First time introduced the Tele-Ramadan (Timing of Iftar and Sehri during Ramadan) under Tele-info Services in Bangladesh. First time introduced the Seamless Coverage throughout the Dhaka- Chitt agong Highway and named it as ‘Chittagong Dhaka Corridor (CDC)'. ? First time introduce the full fledged IVR based Customer Services (Call Center) in telecom market. ? First time introduced cellular services in the most northern part of Bangladesh by launching ROBI Service in Rangpur and Dinajpur in 2002. ? TMIB brought Twenty Six (26) Districts and the outskirts under ROBI network by the end of Year 2002 successfully. ? Introduced the automatic system generated bill amount and payment request for the Post-paid subscribers in 2002.The automatic unbarring facility, after necessary payment making by the subscribers, is also a part of this system. Today, ROBI is recognized as a leading brand in Bangladesh and this is driven by our persistent pursuit of quality and technology, putting it clearly ahead of the rest. The future with ROBI is promised to be exciting as we strive to employ the best resources and latest technology in offering many more innovative and exciting products an d services Statement of the Topic We have selected the topic of Determination of Training and Development needs in ROBI for our report. Training Programmes in ROBIThe training program is a vital link in the process of converting the recruit into productive representatives. The money, which is spent on recruiting and selecting people, may be wasted if their selection is not followed up with the proper training programs. Additionally, experienced reps may not improve or even maintain their productivity if they are not provided with an adequate amount of continual training. So the purpose of training is to relate and improve the specific performance related skills, attitudes, perception and behaviors require people’s success with the state of readiness of the force.As ROBI is the leading provider of telecom services, they always want to serve their best. That is why, they have very strong and effective training department to train the best training to their employees. At ROBI th e top-level management believes that their primary competitive advantage comes from their employees. In the ever-changing mobile industry, all of they must continuously upgrade their skills and knowledge in order to maintain this competitive advantage. Their training programs are based on the job natures and the performance of the employees.Their goal is to attract, retain and motivate the very best and to do that they support training, development, and business education. Importance of Training and Development Process in ROBI Training and Development is the field concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings. In other words it means taking human inputs recruited or even existing employees and turning them into productive part of the company. ROBI believes that Training programs should be taken as a continual, ongoing process, which improve the scenario in different dimensions such as: ?Training process is conducted to provide the freshers the basic knowledge which is required to perform their specific job perfectly. ? Robi provides practice session for the new employees, to implement the basic knowledge. Because Robi believes on the more practice the more perfect empolyee. ? Training provides the people with better improved knowledge, working habits, working techniques which are essential part to achieve both employee and company satisfaction and thus retaining them in the long run. ? Training programs also help trainee to develop positive attitude about themselves and company as a whole.As a developing country, Bangladeshi people, in general, are not very aware about the technological changes that are taking place. Through Training and Development process ROBI wants to make the each and every employee that much capable so that they can prove themselves as one of the most vital weapons to achieve overall, long-run goals of the organization. And from these discussions we can reali ze that how important the Training and Development process is in ROBI. Training Process in ROBI ROBI uses different training technique depending on the training content, urpose of the training program, participants of the program as well as time required for the completion of the training. The training program of ROBI is conducted before sending the entry level employees to the workstation. The training need of each employee is analyzed through two processes: TNA: Training Need Analysis SGA: Skill Gap Analysis The results of these two Training Need Analysis processes measures how much training each employee needs There are two types of training process: 1. In-house training: This training is provided through the vendors.Employee supervisors or line managers provide a coaching for the new employees. In coaching, lectures are delivered to provide knowledge related to the specific jobs. A lecture is the best way to present a basic outline of a subject in a shorter time to a larger numb er of trainees than any of the other techniques. For example, when information about ROBI’S products, new services, and new findings in the research and company information, market condition is to be given to the trainees then the training department adopts lectures.With this technique, a trainer can handle a higher number of participants and give greater volume of information within a short time period 2. Foreign training: To implement new technology Robi have to train their new employees from foreign countries. They have arranged for international training for their employees according their performance . In this case the employee has to sign a Bond assuring the company that he will not leave company next few years. This duration varies based on the training. Employees are mainly sent to Malaysia for this higher training.The cost of relocations, the whole expense of food and housing are providing by ROBI Company as long as they are in the abroad for training. Job rotation: ROBI provide job rotation to the entry-level employees. In this process they don’t send their employee of one department to another department for training. What they do is that they just send employee of one branch to another or one region to another. Discussion: In ROBI, when any new system is launched or when there is any need for changing the technique or policies, discussion is used as a training method where both the trainer and the trainees can share their thoughts and opinions.During the leadership training, induction training as training on advanced selling skill; the training department usually prefers discussion. Sometimes, when cases are given to the trainees to solve the problem and suggest recommendation, group discussion also takes place among the trainees. Supervision of training by ROBI HR Department Though the training programs are provided by different departments, the overall supervision is upon the HR department. They look after the overall process and do some routine functions. They are as follows: ?Prepare, maintain and update training related database. ? Prepare career development plan ? Prepare induction training manual/modules ? Evaluate training program ? To Make agreement between ROBI and employees for overseas training ? To communicate with different local training institutions ? To communicate with trainers/instructors. Objectives of Training Programs in ROBI A primary objective of many training programs is to teach the force how to be more productive. Usually, a person’s productivity will increase with experience.But if training can substitute for some of the needed experience, higher productivity levels should be reached earlier. Training Plan Training gives new employees the skills required to perform their jobs perfectly. So make the training program perfect ROBI plans some steps, which are helpful for the fresher. ROBI follows the following steps to conduct training. ? Trainee: As newly hired person doesnâ€℠¢t have enough knowledge about the company and his job, training can help them in this regard. Although experienced people have knowledge about their job still they need training to cope with the changing world. Training needs: ROBI mainly follows ‘need based training’. That is, whenever the supervisor finds that his/her subordinates’ need sufficient training; they immediately take necessary steps and arrange training programs. They are as follows: ? Performance testing ? Job analysis ? Force survey ? Performance survey ? Observation ? Training times: Timing of the training has two basic attitudes. Some organizations prefer training first than go for the job, where as some organizations want training based on after job performance.ROBI, the Training programs are made as yearly basis for providing training on techniques and skills for all level of their employees including the ones from other departments because they believe that in a organization everybody needs to have skill. The marketing department, sales department and HR department altogether do the overall plan. This yearly plan for training is enhanced by the monthly meetings held in every spots where ROBI has subsidiaries. These meetings are referred to as Pre- cycle Briefing meeting. These meetings try to find out in which areas and for which employees training is needed.In the beginning of the training, expectations from each participant in the training program are assessed and according to that the managers design the content of the training. At every meeting, each department discuss and analysis the performance of the worker of their department in the past month and identifies whether they are performing accordingly or not. If someone fails to perform and cannot reach the objective then the need for training arises. Plan of every individual department also has significant impact on the training plan because only proper training can ensure the implementation of the plan.The yearl y plan for providing training makes sure that it can be helpful for the achievement of the objective of the plan. The training department plans the training before 2-3 months from the time intended to provide the training to the employees. The Training Manager is responsible for preparing the budgeting, plan on which training for whom in all department, planned actions, and also give guidelines to the Human Resource Department for recruitment and selection. However, Training Manager specifically works with the related training.According to the company’s perspective, everybody should have knowledge about their related job. So, the Training Manager plans what type of training is required for new recruits and the existing personnel and how the training is going to change the current performance and will help in achieving the desired level of performance. Both the managers analyze the performance of the trainee after attending the training program taken place in the last month an d set strategy for the next month’s training plan. ? Training place: Training can be provided in both centralized and decentralized manner.Centralized training occurs when all the people come to one central location (often home office) to have training. On the other hand decentralized training of people is usually held in field or regional offices. ROBI follows both centralized and decentralized training. General management training program for the top level executives are mainly held in the home office because centralized school normally has more formal facilities for training than are available in the field. As top-level executives need more advanced training, that’s why, it usually held in the head-office.On the other hand, those whose works are mainly field based, they often have to go with their senior people to the field, have to do on-the-job training, attend seminars, conferences etc to increase their outer knowledge. ? Trainer: A trainer is the person on whom the success or failure of the whole training program is dependent. There are three types’ trainers by, they are- I. Regular line executives II. Staff personnel and III. Outside specialists. Because each has certain advantages, it is not unusual to find organizations using all these three types as well as using one or two types.It basically depends on the size of the firm, the characteristics of the product line, the focus of the training where the sessions are held etc. ROBI has both line executive trainer and outside specialists. The HR manager and senior supervisor usually train their own force. In that way, the trainer can get better understanding about the laggings of their force and can take necessary steps according to that. On the other hand, force also get known environment because of their own supervisor as their trainer. Robi also bring outside specialists from abroad like Malaysia.In this way, they get the most advance and recent information from their competitors. ? Trainee Evaluation: In ROBI, The effectiveness of a training program is measured by evaluation of the trainees. This evaluation is necessary in terms of assessing the value of the training and in terms of improving the design of future programs. There are mainly four outcomes based on which the organization evaluates the success or failure of each training program. The four outcomes are- reaction, learning, behavior and results.After each training session, each must have to submit an ‘annual assessment’. In the annual assessment, each trainee is asked to do report regarding the training program and is asked to do presentations on the items they have learnt. During the training, quizzes and assignments are also given among the trainees. The effects of training on their performance are evaluated through the performance they have done after taking part in the training compared to the performance they used to do before the training and by this the organization measure th e effectiveness of that training program.The trainees who have gone abroad for attending the training program are required to submit a report regarding on the materials taught in the whole training program. This type of evaluation helps both the trainers as well as the trainees. The trainees can compare their own performance and try to improve according to that. The trainers can judge the effectiveness of training and can develop better strategy for the upcoming training program. Development Programmes in ROBI Management development is any attempt to managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills.For the past few years management developments focus has been shifting from preparing managers to fill higher level slots to preparing them to meet the challenges of managing in past paced environment. Increasingly, therefore, the emphasis is on developing a manager’s ability to learn and make decisions under conditions of rapid change. The ma nagement development program may be aimed at filling a specific position, such as CEO, perhaps with one of two potential candidates. When it is an executive position to be filled, the process is usually called succession planning.Succession planning refers to the process through which senior level openings are planned for and eventually filled. Importance of Development Programmes in ROBI When ROBI selects their own employees to fill the vacant higher positions they look for the employee who are ready to get the higher position. As they do not follow the personnel replacement chart or position replacement card they have to make those employees ready to acquire the higher position ROBI conducts development program for them. It helps those employees to have the ability to take decisions those are required in the higher-level position.Those who deserve the higher position receive a development process conducted by ROBI but it’s true that their development programs are not well o rganized though they take some necessary steps for developing their employees who are working inside the organization. Development Process in ROBI ? Way of Conducting Development Process: Before starting a development program they analyze the employees to what extent they need the development to be fit for the higher position. To analyze this they go through SGA (skill gap analysis). On the basis of the SGA every employee has to have a yearly 40 hours development process.It depends on the current skill of those employees. Every employee of ROBI (from manager to managing director) goes through a career succession planning. Through this career succession planning employees develops their skills to deserve the vacant higher position. ? The Development Process: To conduct a development process ROBI follows the following on the jobs techniques: 1. Job rotation: ROBI provide job rotation to the managerial employees also. But the idea of ROBI’s job rotation policy is limited only to the department. That means they don’t send their employees of one department to another department.What they do is that they just send employee of one branch to another or one region to another. For example, for job rotation they send Marketing manager of Chittagong branch to the Marketing department of Dhaka branch as a manager which position is vacant, but they don’t send a marketing manager to the sells department or HR department or any other branches. 2. Junior Board: It is used for operational decisions in most cases. But sometimes it is used to take very few strategic decisions (example: to design training program). To attend junior board all employees should already receive the initial coaching.In junior board top level managers have a sit with the sub-ordinates and encourage them to provide possible suggestions regarding a decision. The sub-ordinates try to give suggestions through brainstorming using the knowledge provided in the initial coaching. Problems o f Training and Development Programs in Robi Though ROBI follows most of the rules and regulations of standard training programs but still they have some problems with their existing training and development programs. Some of the problems are listed below- ? They don’t have action-learning program.As a result employees don’t get scope to increase their project skill and to know about the problems of another department. ? They don’t concentrate on off the job training. We know, off the job training is sometimes more important to know about the job. ? Review system is not strong enough. As a result it becomes quite difficult to understand how effective the training was. ? Lack of motivation in the training side. ROBI don’t motivate that much while employees took training. They took training just like they are doing their regular jobs. Less scope of developing for the senior employees. Senior employee especially the aged employees don’t have sufficient idea about the changing environment of technology. Recommendation and Ways of Implement of Training and Development Programs in Robi In order to solve the problems with the existing training and development system, we recommend the following suggestion. The ways of implementing those recommendations is also discussed. 1. From the problem part, we become able to know that ROBI don’t follow action learning training and off the job training.We would not recommend implementing action learning training. But ROBI should provide off the job training. Because, for some sectors or jobs off the job training is more valuable than on the job training. In order to implement off the job training in the company they can follow those steps: – ? Select the sectors and employee for this training ? A time horizon for the training. It will be selected by the discussion with the employees. ? Then the trainer would be selected. They don’t need to hire new trainer for this, they can provide off the job training ith their existing trainer. ? Sufficient training materials should be provided to the employees. 2. They should motivate employee to give more concentration on their training. The reason is that motivations don’t cost enough money, but it helps to the employees to learn rapidly. If they are motivated and learn the job then not only they will be benefited, at the same time they will serve the company with their best effort. In order to motivate them, ROBI can provide them various incentives, like- informing them about the benefit of the training, how it will help them, etc. 3.Senior employees should also be developed always. We already mentioned that in ROBI senior employees do not get enough facilities and time to develop themselves. As a result they always have lack of idea about the technological change. In order to provide training for the senior employees ROBI may need to provide different sessions like action learning, case study method, mana gement games. So, it may cost ROBI. But in the long run, they will be benefited. Conclusion ROBI is trying to cope up with the changing market situation and that is why they have come with a new name, new slogan and new mission.To be very frank, the telecom sector of our country is totally dominated by GrameenPhone Ltd, with its extreme superior network coverage and customer services. Also in last year, Bharti Airtel made its entrance in our country by capturing the ownership of WARID telecom. So this telecom industry will be in a fluctuating situation within a very short time. Technologically ROBI is lagging behind far more than GP. So to make progress and capture the more market share it needs drastic steps to make improvement.ROBI has a very passionate and hard working marketing department, very dedicating customer service team who are trying their level best to take ROBI one step ahead because previously its slogan was ONE STEP AHEAD. Although its slogan has been changed but its vision should be like this to cement its place into this industry. We hope ROBI will be successful with its new brand name and its products and services. Bibliography Name of Websites Are- http://www. robi. com. bd/ www. google. com www. en. wikipedia. org www. gsmworld. com www. btrc. gov. bd www. aktel-users-group. blogspot. com ———————– 2

Thank You for Smoking

Ethical issues brought up in the movie, â€Å" Thank You for Smoking† : When Nick Naylor appears on the talk show along side with the cancer patient and he basically turns the situation around so that the tabocco industry isn’t to blame for the young boy being diagonosed with cancer from smoking, and in fact by people dying from using their product the industry wouldn’t be making any profit. The â€Å"mod squad†, which stands for merchants of death, in the movie, all the people who are a part of this group are well aware that the products that they sell and promote are generally appealing to the younger generation that contributes to hundreds and thousands of deaths a year, yet they continue to defend them. In one scene Naylor is helping his son do homework, he teaches his son about how to argue something he is writing about. Naylor says ,† that’s the beauty of arguement, because if you argue correctly you’re never wrong†. This is teaching his son that no matter what he side he decides to be on, if he keeps on argueing and finds some usable facts to support his arguement he will always be right. Naylor doesn’t address the issues head on necessarily, in fact the way he approaches how to argue that tobacco is poison and that you shouldn’t smoke it etc, is he simply just goes with his theory of every individuals has the right to choose what they what to do, or listen too. When a member of the mod squad is visiting Nick in the hospital after he nearly died of a nicotine over dose, he places a gun on the table right in front of Joey, Nick’s son. Immediatly Joey is intrigued with the weapon, then retracts his actions and says, â€Å" gunsshould be treated with respect†. The other member swats his hand away, and is clearly annoyed by his behaviour which then makes me think of them as hypocrits. The captain sends a briefcase full of money to Naylor’s hotel when he is in California and tell’s him that he must visit â€Å"Marlboro Man†, Lorne Lutchwho has been diagnosed with Cancer. Naylor is to try and bribe Lutch into accepting the money in exchange for silence, and to retract all his previous comments towards the tobacco industry. In this scene Naylor is very good at convincing the Marlboro Man into taking the money, simply because he uses his best tactics of negotiation to lure him into thinking that by taking the money he might feel better about himself in the sense that now he has money to perhaps be able to pay medical bills to help him prolong his life. Give him the right reatment and he might just fight the cancer. Social Responsibility in Thank You for Smoking I think that the part when Senator Finistirre is doing his speech about putting the poison logo on every cigarette package is an example of social responsibility. Because as the Senator of Vermont, he is standing up against the tobacco industry and educating the younger generation as well as the older, of how harmful it is. Society as a whole will eventually embrace this campaign and learn how to educate others of tobacco use. In 1952, Readers digest slammed the tobacco industry by stating that it had some health risks associated with smoking. This then lead to the invention of â€Å"filters† in cigarette’s and thus resulted in more people buying the product. This is an example of social responsibility because when there were public outcry’s of how unhealthy it was smoking the cigarette’s (back in the 50’s) the tobacco industry improvised and came out with a solution to diminish the amount of chemicals being inhaled. Speaking to the press, Naylor swears he will clear the names of those mentioned in the Heather Holloway’s recent article, where she bashes Naylor as well as the Mod squad. (? ) Ethics and Social Responsibility – Tana In the movie Thank You for Smoking, there are quite a few examples where you will find how ethics and social responsibility is exercised, and not always in a positive way. The main character Nick Naylor, is a lobbyist who works for a Tobacco Company. Naylor is a smooth talker who slyly turns the words around in a conversation and turns it on the people who are against him. Thank You for Smoking Ethical issues brought up in the movie, â€Å" Thank You for Smoking† : When Nick Naylor appears on the talk show along side with the cancer patient and he basically turns the situation around so that the tabocco industry isn’t to blame for the young boy being diagonosed with cancer from smoking, and in fact by people dying from using their product the industry wouldn’t be making any profit. The â€Å"mod squad†, which stands for merchants of death, in the movie, all the people who are a part of this group are well aware that the products that they sell and promote are generally appealing to the younger generation that contributes to hundreds and thousands of deaths a year, yet they continue to defend them. In one scene Naylor is helping his son do homework, he teaches his son about how to argue something he is writing about. Naylor says ,† that’s the beauty of arguement, because if you argue correctly you’re never wrong†. This is teaching his son that no matter what he side he decides to be on, if he keeps on argueing and finds some usable facts to support his arguement he will always be right. Naylor doesn’t address the issues head on necessarily, in fact the way he approaches how to argue that tobacco is poison and that you shouldn’t smoke it etc, is he simply just goes with his theory of every individuals has the right to choose what they what to do, or listen too. When a member of the mod squad is visiting Nick in the hospital after he nearly died of a nicotine over dose, he places a gun on the table right in front of Joey, Nick’s son. Immediatly Joey is intrigued with the weapon, then retracts his actions and says, â€Å" gunsshould be treated with respect†. The other member swats his hand away, and is clearly annoyed by his behaviour which then makes me think of them as hypocrits. The captain sends a briefcase full of money to Naylor’s hotel when he is in California and tell’s him that he must visit â€Å"Marlboro Man†, Lorne Lutchwho has been diagnosed with Cancer. Naylor is to try and bribe Lutch into accepting the money in exchange for silence, and to retract all his previous comments towards the tobacco industry. In this scene Naylor is very good at convincing the Marlboro Man into taking the money, simply because he uses his best tactics of negotiation to lure him into thinking that by taking the money he might feel better about himself in the sense that now he has money to perhaps be able to pay medical bills to help him prolong his life. Give him the right reatment and he might just fight the cancer. Social Responsibility in Thank You for Smoking I think that the part when Senator Finistirre is doing his speech about putting the poison logo on every cigarette package is an example of social responsibility. Because as the Senator of Vermont, he is standing up against the tobacco industry and educating the younger generation as well as the older, of how harmful it is. Society as a whole will eventually embrace this campaign and learn how to educate others of tobacco use. In 1952, Readers digest slammed the tobacco industry by stating that it had some health risks associated with smoking. This then lead to the invention of â€Å"filters† in cigarette’s and thus resulted in more people buying the product. This is an example of social responsibility because when there were public outcry’s of how unhealthy it was smoking the cigarette’s (back in the 50’s) the tobacco industry improvised and came out with a solution to diminish the amount of chemicals being inhaled. Speaking to the press, Naylor swears he will clear the names of those mentioned in the Heather Holloway’s recent article, where she bashes Naylor as well as the Mod squad. (? ) Ethics and Social Responsibility – Tana In the movie Thank You for Smoking, there are quite a few examples where you will find how ethics and social responsibility is exercised, and not always in a positive way. The main character Nick Naylor, is a lobbyist who works for a Tobacco Company. Naylor is a smooth talker who slyly turns the words around in a conversation and turns it on the people who are against him.

John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums - Essay Example Speaking of the chrysanthemums as a symbolizing womanhood, one notices that symbols in this story are used with keen gender awareness. Elisa sees her husband talking to unknown men, engrossed - in a way, we suspect, that she is not used to being spoken to by her husband. The men are merely â€Å"business suits† who smoke while they talk. Because of the amazing brevity of this story, these men are never commented upon at length, and their â€Å"business suits† become symbolic of a professional life that Elisa has no access to. The business suits from, again symbolically enough, the â€Å"Western Meat Company† becomes a reminder of Elisa’s own trapped and restricted situation. To contrast this, the bearded vagabond and his wagon become symbolic of the unrestricted life on the road that Elisa so envies.Elisa’s situation of silent repression is expressed through these subtle symbols. Certain lines address this concern directly also.

Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy - Essay Example Among the concepts or theories are social exchange theory, operant conditioning, behavioral exchange theory and social learning theory. However, the central goal of Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy is to extinguish undesired behaviors while encourage positive behaviors that sustain healthy families. Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy has made significant contributions to the field of Family Therapy. One of the contributions relates to the concept of operant condition, where consequences govern and regulate behaviors. Families are systems made of structures and subsystems regulated by interrelationships. Different members have different behaviors and characters. Some of characters are bad and unwanted, and needs to be subject to control. Elaborate consequences for each negative behavior established by the highest authority in the family system are the main decelerators of the dysfunctional behaviors (Nichols, 2013). From that view, Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy provides therapist with idea that they should analyze effectiveness of consequences against particular negative behaviors. Another important contribution of Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy to the field of Family Therapy relates to introduction of Social Exchange Theory. According to Social Exchange Theory, human beings struggle to maximize rewards and reduce costs in relationships. Healthy families are those that mutually maximize rewards (Nichols, 2013). Unhealthy families on the other hand are those that members protect themselves from hurt to consider ways to please each other. This concept can help in efficient analysis and study of family systems and structure, and eventual identification of underlying problem to ease and shorten therapy process and time. Consideration of Behavioral Exchange Theory is another contribution of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to

Political Cartoons, Chinese Immigration and the Manifest Destiny Essay

Political Cartoons, Chinese Immigration and the Manifest Destiny Belief - Essay Example The Whites, as a result, started portraying in negative stereotypes as evil and corrupt. With time, the Chinese population tripled and continued replacing those blacks and whites who were striking for higher wages. This led to Sino phobia a fear for Chinese people and as a result, the implementation of the Exclusion Act to control Chinese immigration. The Act resulted in a major decline among the Chinese population. The Chinese faced extreme violation of their rights but could do nothing since they were not citizens. The woman is an allegory of independence. She represents freedom from the hampering conditions.The Chinese man’s hair and cultural cloak represent resistance to American progress. Ironically, the woman has the railroad to the west inscribed in her dress meaning she is advocating for white civilization to the west. The cutting of the Chinese man’s hair is the significance of assimilation into the white culture. Manifest Destiny was a belief by the white Amer icans that they were to possess and occupy the North American Continent. People got lured to move westwards. In the belief, that they were to acquire large tracts of land at low prices. .The idea of Manifest Destiny thus relates to the image since the woman with the railroad inscribed in her gown symbolizes the Whites civilization towards the west despite resistance by the Chinese. It shows that the Whites will stop at nothing since they believe it is their divine right to do so. Reasons why the Chinese artists lacked recognition in the U.S in the 19th Century. Most of the immigrant races in America could blend into the Anglo society. Unfortunately,due to their physical appearance, The Chinese faced a lot of discrimination and got denied citizenship. Therefore, they had no access to justice in case their rights got violated. They lacked access to pursue professional painting. They did not have the resources to engage in the scholarly art. The Chinese were illiterate thus practicing painting as an art was difficult for them. Most of them had travelled to the States in pursuit of greener pastures to cater for their families. Unlike the Whites, the Chinese were not recorded for inclusion in the historical sources of art meaning there would be no source of remembrance for them. The Chinese rarely participated in the Western European art of oil painting that would have provided a platform to master and sharpen their skills. However, those who did such as Wore’s students received very little recognition. The Chinese focused only on their cultural heritage and whatever paintings they worked on got sent home to their families. They did not include European complements and signs of status. The Exclusion Act led to heightened Sino phobia. This led to confiscation of their art objects which made it difficult for them to practice the art profession. Part Two: Short Answered Questions 1. Significance of Edmonia Lewis’ Forever Free Sculpture The sculpture is a visual proof to a society in which the female is inferior to the male. It presents a reformed image of the African-American family after slavery.The role of women applied to free black people as well as to white people, and in this sense, Lewis' freedwoman got connected to all women.Like partner, the African-American female was supposed to be submissive and pious.The enslaved woman lived in paradox. She was both the

Obama Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obama Assignment - Essay Example e represent opportunities for a truly unprecedented series of changes that could change the way that the world thinks about America, and America about itself. The organisation of the U.S. government system in general, is fundamentally based on promoting American capitalism at its core, and unless a change in this vital paradigm is brought about it is difficult to achieve a shift in public policy. Obama has said that America must be as careful in withdrawing troops as it was careless in going to war – but at the heart of the matter is the bigger question of newly-acquired U.S. oil interests in Iraq, with one of the world’s major untapped resources. It is difficult to envisage the current U.S. administration to admit that there are vested economic interests in the war, and current political structure would certainly discourage the U.S. from making a U-turn. In turn, it is also linked to the energy crisis, as it will take time for America to build its renewable energy rese rves, and thus oil-related geopolitical considerations would continue for a while. The cost of war is another issue : American firms rebuilding Iraq are also part of the complex geopolitical chain of economic considerations. Even Obama’s personal profile and acceptability in the Arab world will hardly make it any easier to address this vital issue. Influencing public policy in this regard is likely to remain a major challenge fir the foreseeable future. Regarding the credit crisis and its effect on the American economy, the challenges are even greater. Obama’s agenda to create more jobs for Americans means that the existing credit-fuelled structure of the American market place has to be changed. Housing is one of the mainstays of American economic activity : to cause a shift to this will be a monumental task, as the housing sector is likely to stay depressed for a longer period of time. Obama will face an uphill task with the Congress to raise minimum wages, amend NAFTA to benefit

Negotiation is an important aspect due to significant contribution to Essay

Negotiation is an important aspect due to significant contribution to the success of most businesses in the world - Essay Example Ascribing from this it can be argued that poor negotiation in a business entity results into negative implication to the overall business performance. ROLE OF NEGOTIATION IN BUSINESS The role of negotiation in a business is notable in a situation where a business needs to make decisions regarding its future operations and survival. Businesses need consultants with exceptional negotiation skills in making key major business decisions. Effective negotiation is required in regard to business decisions concerning critical business activities notably financial matters (Gosselin 2007). Businesses need to make informed and sound deals with its business associates, vendors and the business stakeholders. This facilitates the business to sustain afloat as well as its financial lucrative. Therefore it can be argued that the key role of negotiation in any business is to the business becomes successful. PART 1 NEGOTIATING STYLES The negotiation style adopted by any business may be used to reflect whether the desired results, deadlock or breakthrough is achieved or not. Therefore ascribing from this it can be asserted that businesses need to check on the compatibility of the negotiating style to suit its business needs and requirement. According to Gosselin (2007) in the context of management theory, he asserts that there is no best negotiating style as business needs vary and its dynamic nature. Therefore there is no single approach that can be exclusively adopted singly by a business (Gosselin 2007). In the context of business negotiations the preferred negotiating style should be able to increase the profitability of the business. There are five negotiating styles whereby each result into its specific conflict models (Eunson 2012). Depending on the vulnerability and the implication of each, business negotiators adopt the preferred style which results into a more benefit-like to the business. The negotiating styles entail the following. Compete (I win- You lose) This is on e of the common negotiating styles which focus on the full achievement of what is desired. The business negotiators are determined to solve the underlying conflict and emerge being the winners (Gosselin 2007). The negotiator ensures that there is gain in the short run. This is achieved mostly in compromising situations where all the means and tactics are used for a win to be achieved at any cost. The negotiators associated with this style are usually considered extreme and aggressive. When to use? This negotiating style is commonly used when businesses needs to achieve desired results quickly as soon as possible. This commonly arises when there is an extreme competition and a win is required at whatever cost (Ross 2010). This attributes the competitive nature and situation as a defense for the adoption of this style. For effective use of this style it is desire that negotiators have to be impartial to avoid deadlock. This negotiation style may be appropriate to use but the risk of a deadlock is also put into consideration. What's the danger? The dangers associate with this negotiating style is the overuse of competition by the competing negotiators. Both parties are prepared on how they will counter one another because of the ability to speculate on the tactics adopted by the other party. This high competitive negotiations adopting this style in most cases result into deadlock as no party would want to back down. Businesses therefore need to adopt a low compete profile

Electronic Communication at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electronic Communication at Work - Essay Example As the report declares ICT has changed not only the social life but also the nature of working life of the people. ICT has greatly changed the nature of work of the Australian community in many aspects which has been brought about by use of new technologies in work. This paper stresses that the diffusion of ICT in some of the aspects of the traditional jobs shows that they can be performed by clients themselves at all levels. For example the increased presence of photocopying machines and computer has taken the services at home from the commercial centres as more people now own these machines. The presence of the internet has led to creation of new jobs in the market as well as evolution of new methods of working. In the industries, it has also changed the nature of work and some of the traditional jobs are not turning multi skilled or they have come to add value in order to remain more viable in the market. Therefore it has led to diversification of skills that are required to perform a certain job while in other cases it has led to reduction of the skills required. This has been an important change in the way we work. The rise of electronic technology has facilitated the aspect of computerization of almost all the sectors of our life. The prod uction sector has been changing very fast which has led some of the trade skills traditionally considered important obsolete. For example typesetters and engravers in the printing industry and the circulation desk in the libraries have been rendered obsolete by the emerging technology. There has also been a great reorganization of the work place. (Capuro 2006, p. 65) This reorganization has led to creation of some departments which never existed before. The change in technology has brought about realignment of the workplace. For example the increased data handling capacity of computers has led to change of some departments that existed before. Computerization in the workplace has also led to the need to have workers who posses computer skills. It has become a requirement for every worker to have the basic computer skills in order to carry out their duty effectively. The use of computers in all departments demands multi-skilled workers. (Coyne 1995, p. 71) ICT has also led to breaking of boundaries of many occupations. There has been replication of services handled by different departments. For example, there has been increased sharing of duties between different departments that have reduced the boundaries between them. If we take the case of human resource department and the accounting department, both share the same database on the employees which is used to account for the payroll by the accounting department while the HR department use for supervision. (Forester 2004, p. 32) The nature of work has also been changed by the development of new products and process inputs in the production process. The change in technology of the production process has led to development of new product and new production process which has changed how we do our work. However the speed at which these new products and

Personal Finance Concepts Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance Concepts - Personal Statement Example Based on the list above, the transactions which would result in an increase in the total assets of a business are as follows:Based on the list above, the transactions which would result in an increase in the total assets of a business are as follows:ïÆ'Ëœ Transaction #1 – A company receives a cash investment from the owner. When a company receives an additional infusion of cash from the owner, the total asset specifically the asset account is increased.   This is accompanied by a corresponding augmentation in the stockholders’ or owners’ equity. Transaction #4 – A company purchases machinery for a plant and signs a promissory note in payment. This transaction will result in an increase in total assets due to the increase in the property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) account.   In this regard, the company’s liability will also increase due to the issuance of the promissory note which is tantamount to a promise to pay a specified amount at the sti pulated terms (Meigs & Meigs, 1986). Transaction #8 – A company borrows money from a bank.Similar to the initial transaction, the company’s total assets particularly the asset account increases as it receives the money loaned from the bank.   With this transaction, the company’s total liability also increases since an obligation to pay the bank loan arises. Note that the other transactions do not result in an increase in total assets due to the reasons summarized as follows: When a company makes the cash purchase for a building, there is no movement in total assets because the amount in cash account is just transferred to another asset account which is building or PP&E account.

Biotechnology Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Biotechnology - Personal Statement Example As I pursue this course, I realized that my choice would give me opportunity to enter in a professional field which can explore my knowledge and expertise. I have understood that in order to be productive and beneficial to science and technology world, one should have in depth knowledge of multiple subjects. At this moment, I realize that I require a higher education in bio- technology from a reputed University. As this institution has a prominent place in educational field I understand the quality of its education. I would be extremely pleased to complete my Masters program from your esteemed University. I am confident that a Masters Degree from your University can enable me to attain a prospecting career benefits. I believe that my studies and the project experience would be an attraction in my admission application. My passion and dedication to my academics will be my best strength as an applicant. I have given much time and energy to earn knowledge in this field in order to make my higher studies and career bright. I truly understand mere education in best institution would not guarantee me a promising care. It is my abilities, dedication and hard work which can make me a potential student and professional. Biotechnology is a discipline which demands high intelligence, hard work and analytical skill. I am definite that I possess all these qualities which can make me a contributing student of you esteemed institution. I have been a successful graduate and have good knowledge of the commitment and motivation needed to be a successful master degree applicant. I am confident that I would be a versatile students and a performer during my studies. I have received positive reviews from my teachers regarding my academic proficiency and had been advised to receive Masters from the best Universities in the country. I have been dreaming of Masters since couple of years and applying to this University has given my dream an entry. My parents

Road Freight Transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Road Freight Transport - Essay Example The road freight industry basically refers to the groups of companies that manage cargoes and shipment of other luggage through the road network including railways. These goods may be for other industries or for consumer use. Over the years, road freight has become more costly and thus less prefered. This owes to the ever up surging petroleum prices, increased road taxes, lots of heavy road traffic even after the peak hours, more alternatives available and most of all stringent rules and restrictions on road freight. The United Kingdom has also seen a change in the goods that are carried by road and also the transport means that are being used for it. The road freight industry of UK has been highly criticized for its legislations and other informal regulatory policies from time to time. However, it has survived through all this and come out successful, nonetheless. The road freight industry in the UK is composed of lorries, cargoes and railways mainly. Many laws have been passed to ensure the smooth running of the industry and to minimize smuggling and other bads in the society such as trade of illegal goods. However, it has been criticized for been a lousy industry which hasn’t worked up to its capacity. This criticism can only be weighed under the facts and figures that will be described in this paper. The Freight Transport Association (FTA) has been working tirelessly to make the freight process in UK highly civilized and well planned. It has, to a considerable extent, been successful in achieving its goal. Though, there is more yet to be done. It is not just one company that will make road freight reach new heights, a lot more private companies will have to plunge in and turn dreams into reality. Road haulage companies may volunteer to give some suggestions and suggest strategies that might help improve the public image of the road freight industry. This is very important for the industry to survive and earn profits. The road freight industry in the

Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism Research Paper

Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism - Research Paper Example His beliefs in socialism began when he fled to Switzerland, for purposes of escaping being drafted into the army. However, in 1904, Benito Mussolini returned to Italy, and decided to serve in the army, in return of being pardoned. It is important to understand that after his service in the army, Mussolini became an editor of various socialist newspapers in Italy, advocating for the principles of socialism. During the First World War, as an editor of socialist newspaper, Benito Mussolini strongly advocated for neutrality. However, after accepting a series of bribes, notably from the French, Mussolini advocated for Italy to support the cause of the allied forces. Deakin (2000) denotes that Italy made a poor judgment in the war, and this made the country to experience an economic downturn, leading to massive loss of jobs, inflation, strikes, riots, etc. Mussolini took advantage of this chaos, and built a nationalist party referred to as Fasci di Cambattimento. This party was named after the Italian revolutionaries of the 19th century. This party, commonly referred to as the Fascist party of Italy strongly advocated for Italian nationalism, and it used violence and intimidation against its opponents to advocate for its ideals. It is important to denote that while intimidating its opponents, the Fascist party claimed that it was crushing the violence and riots that were taking place in Italy during the time (Painter, 2000). This made Mussolini to have the respect of King Emmanuel the 3rd who later on invited him to form a government. It is important to understand that it was the Fascist party that was promoting anarchy, through its violence activities targeted at opposition parties. On this basis, the King misjudged Benito Mussolini, and his party, the Fascist Party. Deakin (2000) denotes that the Fascist party appealed to the war veterans, and this is because it advocated for the protection

EBay Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EBay - Case Study Example eBay’s fee structure is based on the principle of charging more for the initial amount and less for additional ones. It is therefore focused more on building big with bulk sales, which indeed exponentially increases on the sales graphs for an organization. The high volume sellers get attracted and even companies that have made it huge within the industry now bank on eBay for their inventory sale (Munir, 2010). As of today, eBay’s fee structure needs no tinkering because it takes care of both the buyers’ and sellers’ needs. Hence incremental improvements can always be brought about but no wholesale changes would as such be required at this stage. The next steps for eBay are to acquire renowned businesses that exist in the virtual world and build on the strategy to take over companies for its own betterment and in a desire to increase profits in the long run. The capabilities shall continue to expand in the times to come which would further the cause of eBay and enhance its vision to grow and expand across the board. It continues to grow when there is a need for both the buyers and sellers to get in touch through a collective mindset of growth and advancement whereby eBay benefits just about everyone who comes in contact with it (Reuer, 2009). This growth comes from a collective mesh of connecting with eBay which paves avenues for such participation which in the end increases on the profits for

On The Semiosphere by Juri Lotman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On The Semiosphere by Juri Lotman - Essay Example Here, Lotman has successfully put forth an example which could make his complex arguments very clear to even a lay person, through the use of analogy. The allegory is easy to understand for the reader. The overall conclusion that this essay arrives at is that, â€Å"the levels of the semiosphere comprise an inter-connected group of semiospheres, each of them being simultaneously both participant in the dialogue (as part of the semiosphere) and the space of dialogue (the semiosphere as a whole)† (Lotman, 205). Lotman has started his essay by referring to the two major schools of thought in semiotics, one the Saussurian school which focuses on the ‘act of communication’ and the Piercean school which stresses on the ‘sign’, the basic, coded, element of communication (205). Then he moves ahead to point out that both these schools have some thing in common, which is the stress that they give either to a single communication act or a single sign, ie; a sing le, atomic element (Lotman, 206). By describing this background, Lotman starts a logical reasoning process by giving chronological data and putting it as a block in the very beginning of the essay.   He has argued that, in this way, â€Å"the individual act of sign exchange has come to be regarded as a model of natural language [†¦] -as universal semiotic models† (Lotman, 206).In the next step of his rhetoric, Lotman has contested this conventional thought. He has opined that, this kind of reasoning is part of the traditional and flawed scientific thinking., where one is tempted always to move â€Å"from the simple to the complex’, and whereby one gets trapped into attributing a character to the object of study, just because it provided some convenience to make an analysis (Lotman, 206). In this way, Lotman has been applying the method of logos which says that the study of communication, or

Nuclear Weapons Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Nuclear Weapons - Thesis Proposal Example In spite of the apprehensions that have been elevated about the nuclear weapons, those who are taking part in the creation and development of such weapons have stated that the weapons are not intended to disturb the world peace. They have argued that the project is important for their countries and should not be seen as steps towards destabilizing the world or causing unnecessary harm to the world populations. Some people have argued that the nuclear weapons pose no threat to the world and they should therefore not be destroyed and the countries that are involved in the creation and development of the nuclear weapons should be allowed to proceed with the projects (Mueller par 3). B. The public needs to be given information on the various perspectives of the nuclear weapons and also on the implications that devolvement and use of the weapons will have on their lives as well as the lives of the rest of the world population (Krieger 65) A. When countries are involved in the creation of nuclear weapons, other counties use it as an excuse to also develop their own nuclear weapons and this has led to the militarization of world countries (Bernstein 43) B. Others have however argued that the choice to engage in the creation of the weapons is something that is solely dependent on the administration of a country and is not influenced by the fact that others are engaging in it (Mueller para 4) D. Some, however, argue that the nuclear weapons are not the sole cause of cross-border diplomacy wars since such wars and relations issues exist even in areas where nuclear development and creation is not taking place.

Tx gov Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tx gov - Essay Example The death penalty has been utilized for a large number of years because of the physiological trepidation it exacts on the individuals who witness and find out about capital punishment. The utilization of this form of punishment has served to lessen rates of crime and adjust the brains of future criminals to dissuade them against carrying out terrible wrongdoings like murder, injustice, terrorism, espionage and kidnappings. Backers say it discourages wrongdoing while abolitionists say it is illegal (Siegel 121). The most noticeably awful repulsiveness of the criminal justice framework is the execution of an innocent individual. Over a long period of time, proof has demonstrated an unsatisfactorily high risk of sentencing innocent individuals in a criminal justice framework that is so defective. A few late executions have demonstrated that deadly injection which is rampantly used for executions can frequently be agonizing and inclined to failure that ends up torturing the executed individual. Lately, as pharmaceutical makers have withdrawn consent to utilize their medications in executions, states have much of the time neglected to acquire safe options and been compelled to cover their executions under shrouds of mystery. The outcome has been an absence of responsibility for state governments in connection to mess up executions (Sorensen and Pilgrim 12). A method for defending capital punishment is that is seen as a technique which can be made into an exhibition for the general public. This thus builds up the manner of thinking that those found guilty are no longer wanted to be part of human society and thus must be dealt with in a way that is esteemed proper. According to Chenwi (59), the human rights as natives of the United States apply to the upright and good individuals and the bad individuals in equal measure. Many people argue that death penalty makes the families of the murdered

The role of tourism in development (economic environmental - social Essay

The role of tourism in development (economic environmental - social and culture) - Essay Example It is further divided into different section headings and focusing on all the factors that play their role in the development of tourism in the country. The main focus of this research is on the study of the role of tourism in the development of the country, on the economic, social, environmental and culture aspects of the countries that are both developed and under developed. Research is a term that is used in our everyday life but every research needs some strong substance data to support itself Research is considered to be systematic way of collecting data and then conducting its analysis and giving conclusion and recommendations based on the findings (Thornhill et al 2007). Why this writer mention two times? Basic research has its main focus towards the expansion of the knowledge processes of businesses while the applied research has its focus towards understanding a particular problem well of the business or any management. This research is more inclined towards both the elements of basic research and applied as it involves in gaining insight of the issue and then understanding its implications and developments. The main questions that need to be answered while in the development of its strategy is whether the research is having an exploratory nature, a descriptive nature or an explanatory nature. The exploratory research is useful if the problem identified needs a clarified understanding of the (Thornhill et al 2007). The studies of the descriptive nature require the accurate profiles of the people or events for the causal relationship to be developed between the various variables This research attempts to investigate the role of the development of tourism in the developed and under developed countries and what impact it gives on the economical, environmental, social and cultural impacts on the country. Therefore, exploratory research is applied and also some elements of descriptive research also exist. There

Abraham Maslow Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Abraham Maslow - Research Paper Example Though he focused on political and religious material, but worked thru issues about senses, imagination, knowledge, language, and passions. Other contemporary philosophers (Munger, 2003) like Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and G.W. Leibinz contributed in this progress by studying human mind’s relation to the body. Further development in psychology stressed interaction of physiology to psychology. Later development established psychology as science, and concluded that mental activity could be quantified thru research. Charles Darwin using the concept of principles of natural selection brought further development in psychology. Contribution of principles of the unconscious mind by Sigmund Freud laid the foundation of psychoanalytical model. Different fields of sciences, like education, anthropology, and medicine borrowed this model in their disciplines. In the 1920s and 30s American Psychologist John B. Watson (Munger, 2003) introduced a concept in psychology where he explained animal and human behavior thru environmental stimuli. According to his suggestion, psychology should involve solely with sensory stimuli and behavioral response. Others at the same time suggested that psychology should investigate human thought and behavior as a whole, instead of breaking it down into isolated instances of stimulus and response. The aforementioned discussion points out that psychology is a discipline that studies behavior of humans and other animals in their interaction with the surrounding world. Traditional concept of psychology is perceived thru restoring imbalanced mental activity to a normal condition. Traditional psychology did not pay much attention to the concept of human potential that conceals what humans can become. In other words, traditional psychology paid remarkably little attention to the psychological development of human, how to generalize it, and what mechanisms controls it. In the 1950s and 60s Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers developed a new conc ept of psychology (Boeree) that considered the psychological growth of people who are properly adjusted. This method is named as Humanistic Psychology, which asserts people make rational, conscious decisions regarding their lives and suggests that individuals tend to reach toward their greatest potential only after solving issues related to specific needs. Thus, this theory incorporates the possibility of human actualization into its practice. The aim of this work is to examine the life of Abraham Maslow, his concept of the model of human needs, its interpretation, analysis, and application. Abraham Maslow: Highlights from Biography Abraham Maslow, a son of Jewish Immigrant from Russia was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York and died in California on June 8, 1970 (â€Å"Abraham Maslow†). He passed a lonely childhood in massive studies. He graduated from a prestigious boys school in Brooklyn and continued his education at the College of the City of New York. Later he e nded up at University of Wisconsin and earned;

Gas Compressor Essay Example for Free

Gas Compressor Essay A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively incompressible, so the main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids. Types of Compressors Centrifugal compressors Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, increasing the velocity of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. They are primarily used for continuous, stationary service in industries such as oil refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants and natural gas processing plants.[1][2][3] Their application can be from 100 horse power (75 kW) to thousands of horsepower. With multiple staging, they can achieve extremely high output pressures greater than 10,000 psi (69 MPa). Many large snow-making operations (like ski resorts) use this type of compressor. They are also used in internal combustion engines as superchargers and turbochargers. Centrifugal compressors are used in small gas turbine engines or as the final compression stage of medium sized gas Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to the axial direction. The diagonal compressor has a lower diameter diffuser than the equivalent centrifugal compressor. Axial-flow compressors Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like airfoils to progressively compress the working fluid. They are used where there is a requirement for a high flow rate or a compact design. The arrays of airfoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating airfoils, also known as blades or rotors, accelerate the fluid. The stationary airfoils, also known as stators or vanes, decelerate and redirect the flow direction of the fluid, preparing it for the rotor blades of the next stage.[1] Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio, variable geometry is normally used to improve operation. Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural gas pumping stations, and within certain chemical plants. Reciprocating compressors Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines.[1][4][5] Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty. Larger reciprocating compressors well over 1,000 hp (750 kW) are commonly found in large industrial and petroleum applications. Discharge pressures can range from low pressure to very high pressure (18000 psi or 180 MPa). In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, and more costly than comparable rotary units. [6] Another type of reciprocating compressor is the swash plate compressor, which uses pistons which are moved by a swash plate mounted on a shaft.

Million Dollar Baby Tragedy Essay Example for Free

Million Dollar Baby Tragedy Essay She’s younger, she’s stronger, and she’s more experienced. Now what are you going to do about it? † Next round starts, Maggie knocks her out in a few seconds. Maggie being seven years older than a normal fighter is not as quick on her feet and is inexperienced. But after this fight Maggie shows that she is dignified and a serious fighter. Maggie demonstrates that she is courageous and dignified which is part of what makes a movie, a tragedy. Maggie also shows Million Dollar Baby is a tragedy because her downfall is caused by a human emotion, her competitiveness. After a bunch of fights in a row the narrator concludes, â€Å"Maggie always did like taking ‘em out in the first round†. This illustrates that Maggie does not like making it a good long fight where both competitors gain experience. Maggie likes to win, hitting them hard and quickly, letting her competitiveness get in the way. The narrator later says, â€Å"boxing is an unnatural act. ‘Cause everything in it is backwards. You wanna move to the left, you don’t step left; you push off your right toe. To move to the right, you use your left toe. Instead of running from the pain like a sane person would do, you step into it. That’s what Maggie did, all the way to the World Championships†. Instead of backing away from the pain she turned into every hit because backing away from the pain means she loses. Getting hit multiple times a fight, Maggie reveals a bad hit will not keep her from winning. Maggie’s competitiveness is a key part in Million Dollar Baby being a tragedy. Million Dollar Baby is a tragedy because after her downfall, Maggie learns she can achieve more than she knows; if she works hard enough. Maggie has been constantly trying to get Frankie to train her since day one. Frankie after watching Maggie on the speed bag says, â€Å"If I take you on† interrupting Frankie, Maggie says â€Å"You won’t regret it. † Frankie sighs and continues â€Å"God this is a mistake already.. I’m going to try to forget the fact that you are a girl. † Frankie does not train girls, ever; Maggie was persistent and got Frankie to train her, an impossible task. She worked hard enough and was able to get an incredible trainer to train her. Maggie is in the hospital after her downfall, getting punched after the bell and now being paralyzed, she is going to lose her legs, has to breathe out of a breathing tube and will never fight again. Maggie says to Frankie, â€Å"I can’t be like this, Frankie. Not after what I’ve done. I’ve seen the world. People chanted my name. Well, not my name†¦ some damn name you gave me. I was in magazines. You think I ever dreamed of that’d happen? † In this quote Maggie exhibits that she is ready to die, she has achieved more then she could ever dream of. Maggie learns that she can do anything if she puts her mind to it. Since Maggie is courageous and dignified, has a human characteristic which amplifies her downfall and learns she can achieve more than she knows; Million Dollar Baby is a tragedy. Being an excellent fighter, Maggie was so thankful for the life she and Frankie made for her. Maggie clearly displays that working hard pays off and anyone can do the impossible, who would have thought a 37 year old, who has had zero training, would train less for a year and be a world champion contender? Like Eddie Dupris, the narrator of million dollar baby says â€Å"It’s the magic of risking everything for a dream nobody can see but you. †

Factors Contributing to Road Accidents

Factors Contributing to Road Accidents Road accident is the global tragedy with ever-raising trend. In Malaysia, it represents a major public problem because of the high number of victims involved and also the seriousness of the consequences for the victim themselves and to their families as well. There are many factors that can contribute to the road accidents. Some researchers have made several researches and agreed that the major factors that contributing to the road accidents is because of the bad weather, condition of road, human behavior when driving, condition of the vehicle and the leniency of the law enforcement. Relating to the previous researches, the focus of our study is to identify the trend of road accidents in Shah Alam and the factors that contributing to the accidents. Besides that, the study also focuses on the strategies and ways to reduce the rate of road accidents in Shah Alam. The study will be conducted in Shah Alam which the respondents are among the road users including pedestrians, motorcyclists, car drivers and etc. Contributing Factors Bad Weather According to a report from the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV) in Netherland, the term weather can be described as the state of atmosphere in term of air pressure, temperature, humidity, clouds, wind and precipitation. The weather conditions will affect the accident rates and exposure to the traffic hazards. A layer of water on the road surface due to rain can cause the vehicles to lose contact with the road surface and to skid. Besides that, Ellinghaus (1983) has stated that the object carried due to the strong wind, fallen trees and broken branches can also cause the traffic disturbance. Gusts of wind can push the high vehicles such as busses and vans especially when they are on the bridges. A study from Saudi Arabia (Al-Ghamdi, 2009) reports the number of crash being higher during the fog compared to the other weather condition. The crash happened because of the limited visibility during driving due to the fog. In a fog, the droplets of water are so small and light that they remain floating in the air. This will lead to limited visibility to the drivers because the light is diffused by the fog droplets. As a result of  bad weather, road surfaces may become slippery or slick. Accumulation of water, slush, ice and snow can present hazards to motorists. The manner in which other drivers react to the weather, whether through an extreme excess of caution or a disregard of the dangers posed by the weather conditions, can also contribute to the probability of an accident. When weather conditions render driving unsafe, drivers should attempt to find a safe place to get off the road and wait for the weather to improve. If you are driving at a time of year when you are likely to have your windshield splattered with dirty water, mud, slush, or salt, before driving make sure that you have a good supply of windshield solvent. In Malaysia, The majority of the investigated cases occurred during fine weather. The proportion of investigated cases during fine weather for 2008 is over presented, with more than 70%, and is significantly higher than those that occurred in any other weather condition, especially in 2009 and 2010. Based on MIROS the data in terms of lighting condition show that for the total number of investigated cases from 2007 through 2010, crashes that occurred during daylight, when it is safe to say that visibility is not a major concern. However, crashes during dark condition and without lighting, which is related to the said issue, are also significant and come in second place after daylight in all four years in terms of the number of investigated cases. Through report by MIROS, the KSI and fatality indexes according to the environmental components of the crashes, namely the vicinity area, weather conditions and lighting conditions. In terms of the environmental components of the crashes, fatality index is recorded highest for crashes happening at agricultural areas (2.86), during drizzling condition (4.84) and when the surrounding is dark without any lighting (2.67). Meanwhile, KSI index is highest for crashes that occurred at agricultural areas (3.97), during rainy day (7.56), and during dawn or dusk (7.44). This shows that bad condition of weather and surrounding may affect the driver view which can make a higher tendency of accident to occur during that particular situation. Driving attitude Whilst commercial vehicles have frequently been found to have high accident involvement rates, only one commercial driver training program has been identified so far in this Asia region. As part of the two year input in Pakistan funded by DFID in the early 1980s, a two week bus driver re-training program was provided. Bus driving standards are observed before and after the course and while bus driving standards showed improvement when drivers knew they were being observed, this improvement did not carry over to other times. This demonstrated the difference between driving skill and driving behavior and the need of enforcement and incentive schemes to encourage good driving standards. Surveys in driver knowledge and driver behavior were undertaken in several countries worldwide including Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka. Driver behavior was assessed at pedestrian crossing, traffic signals and priority junctions. As a follow up driver knowledge surveys were conducted in Pakistan and Thailand and both these studies have been published as separate Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) reports. While the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) also worked on the area of private knowledge with drivers surveyed on sign comprehension and traffic awareness, the CRRI has spent much effort in developing a driver reflexes testing system (DRTS) which seeks to eliminate human bias and includes psycho physical tests. Work in this area has continued over the past decade with a few DRTS systems in use in India. Human errors play an important role in contributing to the increasing numbers of accident rates. People keen to ignore this factor as they feel they can handle the situation and avoid accidents. There are many types of human errors during driving such as excessive speeding and deviant behavior, taking alcohol during driving and failed to obey the rules and regulations of the road. All of these can be categorized as the risky driving attitudes which may cause road accidents. Many of accidents that were reported are caused by human errors. According to Nasasira (2009), there are about 80% of the road accidents reported in Uganda are related to the attitude and behavior of the drivers. This data shows that the driving attitude is the major cause of road accidents. According to Sabey and Taylor (1980), 95% of the accidents caused by the human factors. Driving attitude was identified as the most central of these factors. Besides that, research by Jashua and Garber (1992) also stated that the most common accident type have resulted from drivers faults. Driving attitudes also include the behavior to excessive speeding. Vehicle speed is often credited as being an important cause and contributory factor of road accidents. This behavior may cause danger not only for the driver himself but also for other drivers. Most drivers tend to speed exceed the limit fixed by the government. For example, the National Speed Limits is 90km/h but drivers tend to speed exceed the limit which may cause danger to themselves and others. According to Solomon (1964), Munden (1967) and Bohlin (1967), all claimed that the probability of serious injury or death are greater at high impact speeds. This shows that the impact of excessive speeding may not only cause accident but may also cause a serious injury and death. Road Condition Geometric design standards are often taken from motorized countries and thus are not always appropriate given the presence of pedestrians and other vulnerable road users and non-motorised vehicles in the road traffic stream. There has been much effort in safety engineering research to minimise the risk of accidents and DFID sponsored the development and publication of Towards Safer Roads (TSR) which was the first major manual to address safety engineering and planning in developing countries. TSR also introduced the practice of safety audits (a standardized procedure for checking the safety concerns of road projects from the feasibility stage through to final construction and operation). Formal safety audits have also begun to be used recently in Nepal, Malaysia, Fiji and a number of other developing countries including Bangladesh. Identifying safety impacts of geometric design modifications was a research focus in PNG and was recently reviewed for the latest version of the Highway Design and Maintenance Programme (HDM4). Recent research funded by Sweroad included the development of a traffic safety effects catalogue to include the various findings of the impact of geometric design and traffic control features on road accidents and accident rates. Several projects both on implementation and the research side have focused on traffic engineering and traffic management issues with applied road safety benefits. For example, Australian Aid projects in Papua New Guinea and Western Samoa follow this pattern as does the past research in CRRI on roadside development and road signs. The research recently started on the design and implementation issues of median installation for example are illustrative of the types of research being undertaken in this area. In Malaysia, it was reported that many of the cases of road collision involve the vehicle leaving the roadway and hits the fixed objects along the roadside such as the trees and guardrails. This may cause by the slippery road due to the rain and even because of the poorly designed and constructed roads. Most of the roads in Malaysia are pavement designed. In pavement design, there are several characteristics that need to be considered such as skid resistance and the texture depth. These characteristics will determine the condition of the road whether it is risky or not. According to Davis (2001), the moisture on the pavement surface may prevent vehicle tires from making adequate contact with the road surface. This will increase the level of slippery on the road which may cause road accident. Vehicles condition Vehicles are one of the factors which can contribute to the road accidents. This is because the vehicle that we ride is a medium for us that put us in the road and if the vehicles itself are not in a good shape and condition, the tendency for the accident to occur is more likely compare to a well manage vehicle condition. A well-designed and well-maintained vehicle, with good brakes, tires and well-adjusted suspension will be more controllable in an emergency and thus be better equipped to avoid collisions. Based on the statistics which have been produced by MIROS, during 2007-2010, the brake defects in vehicle have recorded 20 cases while tires defect have recorded 14 cases. So, that is why some mandatory  vehicle inspection  schemes include tests for some aspects of roadworthiness have been conduct by the JPJ in order to make sure that the vehicles that is going to be used are in a good condition, The design of vehicles has also evolved to improve protection after collision, both for vehicle occupants and for those outside of the vehicle. For example, in modern day car, a lot of safety features have been include likes Anti-lock braking system (ABS)  to prevent skidding allowing the driver to remain in control. The vehicle stops more quickly as theres more friction between the road and tires, traction control  to prevents skidding while accelerating so the car can quickly escape a dangerous situation and safety cage  to strengthens the cabin section to protect people in a roll-over accident. Much of this work was led by automotive industry competition and technological innovation. Some crash types tend to have more serious consequences,  Rollovers  have become more common in recent years, perhaps due to increased popularity of taller  SUVs,  people carriers, and minivans, which have a higher  center of gravity  than standard passenger cars. Rollovers can be fatal, especially if the occupants are ejected because they were not wearing  seat belts  (83% of ejections during rollovers were fatal when the driver did not wear a seat belt, compared to 25% when they did).   After a new design of  Mercedes Benz  notoriously failed a moose test (sudden swerving to avoid an obstacle), some manufacturers enhance suspension using  stability control  linked to an  anti-lock braking system  to reduce the likelihood of rollover. After retrofitting these systems to its models in 1999-2000, Mercedes saw its models involved in fewer crashes. Now about 40% of new US vehicles, mainly the SUVs, vans and pickup trucks that are more susceptible to rollove r, are being produced with a lower  center of gravity  and enhanced suspension with  stability control  linked to its  anti-lock braking system  to reduce the risk of rollover and meet US federal requirements that mandate anti-rollover technology by September 2011. According to the research by Chin Shu Pei (2009), she has stated that the relationship between the road surface and the type of tire, tread pattern, tire pressure and tire condition may affect the road surface friction and cause the vehicles to skid off the road. She also added that tires in poor condition will not have adequate braking friction on any pavement surface. Motorcyclists have little protection other than their  clothing; this difference is reflected in the casualty statistics, where they are more than twice as likely to suffer severely after a collision. In 2005 there were 198,735 road crashes with 271,017 reported casualties on roads in Great Britain. This included 3,201 deaths (1.1%) and 28,954 serious injuries (10.7%) overall. Of these casualties 178,302 (66%) were car users and 24,824 (9%) were motorcyclists, of whom 569 were killed (2.3%) and 5,939 seriously injured (24%). In Malaysia, it is recorded that  4,067 motorcyclists died in 2010 by MIROS. This represents about 60 per cent of the 6,745 road fatalities. In 2008, 3,898 motorcyclists were killed out of a total of 6,527 fatalities. Motorcyclist deaths on average accounted for 60 per cent of the total road fatalities in the last decade. MIROS  road safety  engineering and environment  research  director, Jamilah Mohd Marjan said the spike in deaths was due to  the rise  of the  number of riders. As we can see in the another country where both Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in United Kingdom and Indian Institute of Technology (ITT) IN India have conducted a research into vehicle design and injury control. In Papua New Guinea the MAAP system identified many casualties occurring in run-off accidents in open top pickups. Open top pickups are a common public transport mode and are often heavily loaded with passengers in Papua New Guinea. TRL concluded research into vehicle design to minimize such injuries. IIT have modeled crash impacts of bus fronts and three wheeler motorized scooter taxis to determine how the design can be altered to reduce injury severity to pedestrians hit by buses and the Three Wheeler Scooter Taxi (TST) drivers, passengers and pedestrians in TST crashes. TSTs are found to be unsafe for all three user groups (drivers, pedestrians and passengers at velocity impacts as low as 15 to 20 kilometers per hour). Minor modifications were found to make a significant difference in the safety to all three user groups in crashes up to speeds of 25 to 30 kilometers per hour. IIT research also identifies structural weakness in motor cycle helmet design. Earlier work had identified a majority of head impacts and two wheel crashes to be sustained on the side of the head yet VIS standards did not include a side impact test. IIT devised and implemented a side impact test and when all helmets in general were found to be inadequate in side impact, BIS amended the motorcycle helmet standards. Delhi Police have sponsored this research and later publicized the findings and distributed guidelines for customers and the relative rankings of the different helmets. Around the same time that ITT was studying the relative safety of motorcycle helmets in Delhi, Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) was also studying the use of motorcycle helmets and conducting opinion surveys on the use of motorcycle helmets in several metropolitan cities where motorcycle helmet usage was mandatory. These studies all helped to influence road safety policy in India. Leniency of the Law Enforcement While most if not all countries in Asia and Pacific have revised their road regulations in the past 15 years, little bilateral technical assistance seems to have been provided in this sector nor does there seem to have been local research effort in such countries despite many countries sharing the same base for road regulations (The British Motor Vehicle Code 1939). Little exchange of information and experience has occurred and traffic regulations have generally been revised individually by each country. No regional manual has been produced similar to such manuals that exist in Africa and other regions of the world. Traffic Police training programmes have been developed by the Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) with sponsorship from the Ministry of Surface Transport. National workshops on traffic police training were also organised in 1992 and 93. Traffic police from 23 metropolitan cities were trained before the project was discontinued. Ongoing at the same time was CRRI research project analysing the past 10 years of traffic violations from Delhi covering 1980 to 1990. The analysis revealed misguided priorities with administrative violations being enforced more frequently than the more dangerous moving violations. Highway patrolling was quite effective when it was introduced in Pakistan in the early 1980s as it discouraged overtaking and targeted road safety parking, both of which were known to contribute to road accidents in Pakistan.