Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Narrative - Essay Example I escorted her to the wardroom where she would stay for the time she would be at the hospital. She was hurt badly, had broken limbs and cuts in her body. The first thing to come out of her mouth was â€Å"take care of me, please† and I responded by saying â€Å"do not worry, you are in good hands.† This was the last conversation before she went unconscious. She was then taken to the theatre for several hours before she was put in intensive care unit. I spent about a month taking care of her. During this time, I helped her bath every day, dressed her and helped her feed and take her medication. She could not do this by herself. during this time she developed confidence in me and talked about her private life with me to relieve her stress. I told her, â€Å"whatever you want to share feel free because it will only be between me and you† and she responded by saying â€Å"Thank you, you really are helping me recover fast.† Sometimes she would ask me for certai n needs and I would advocate for her especially those that were to be provided by other personnel such as her therapist, dietician, activities director and the pharmacist. At one point her medicine had delayed and I had to have a conversation with the pharmacist. I Told him, â€Å"My patient has not received her medication, yet the bill is paid.† The pharmacist responded by saying, â€Å"sorry, I had forgotten.† I had to make it clear to him that patients medicine are not be joked with. I told him, â€Å"You ought to do your work or resign because patients cannot suffer because of your forgetfulness.† This ensured that my patient had her medicine in time always until the time when she was discharged. This aspect implies that the patients regard caregivers as their immediate representatives and as such, we should see to it that their views are well catered for during their stay (Reinhard & Young, 2009). My patient once narrated her experience at the hospital to me when she was a child, and it

Reflection paper on movie Life is Beautiful made by Roberto Benigni Essay

Reflection paper on movie Life is Beautiful made by Roberto Benigni - Essay Example That was until Roberto Benigni came along with his movie life is beautiful and attempted to tell the story of genocide and murder through the eyes of a child narrator and the antics of an adorable, funny and somewhat unhinged father. The movie Life is Beautiful by Roberto Benigni was hailed as a creative and artistic masterpiece by some and criticized by others for trying to trivialize the seriousness, horror and torture that were the engenderment of the holocaust. Nevertheless, it was highly feted and won awards in several categories such as best music, original dramatic score best foreign language and for his role Benigni won the best actor, this is in addition to academy award nominations in directing and best picture. In this movie, Benigni attempts to represent a picture of the holocaust in a comic way, he does this, not by trivializing or even diluting the events as some critics have claimed but by using Guido, who is by nature a comedian who tries to use humor to help his son and himself cope with the evils of the genocide. Plot of the movie is revolved around on Guido a young charismatic and ambitious Jewish Italian who is caught up in the wave of Anti-Semitism that results in him and his wife and son being dragged off to a concentration camp. The main focus of the story is his attempt to shield his son and to some extent himself from the harsh realities of the camp so that he may not suffer psychologically by deceiving him it is a just a game. The movie is divided in two parts, the first is the introduction which sets the background for the plot and introduces the characters in the period before holocaust begun to be felt in Italy, herein; Guido, is as a young man with ambitions of starting a book shop. He is living with his uncle and working as a waiter; he is full of mischief and has an adventurous and comic streak in him that fills that movie with slapstick scenes and jokes that leave the viewer laughing with and at him. He falls in love with a scho ol teacher who is already engaged and manages to steal her form her betrothed by â€Å"rescuing† her in a true quixotic and romantic fashion from her enjoyment party while riding on a horse. They get married and have son and for a period, they lead a peaceful and idyllic life. This is however despite the evidence of segregation and xenophobia that has become more intense with time, shops are covered with signs of â€Å"No Jews Allowed† or Jews and Dogs not allowed†. However even with anti-Semitism all around them, Guido tries to protect his son from the truth by making up all sorts of explanations to show him that the signs meant everything expect what they actually meant. In the second part is when the family comes face to face with

How the business deals with legal factors Essay Example for Free

How the business deals with legal factors Essay A legal factor that has a big impact on Tesco’s is protecting employees which, includes the laws about how many hours an employee can work. This amount of hours depends on the employees contract, if they are a full time member of staff then they have to work between 35-45 hours a week but no more, these hours also have to be over reasonably shift, for example having a 8 hour shift a day over 5 days a week. If they are a part time member then they can work any amount of hours a week as long as it is no longer the 35 hours. This can impact on Tesco’s as they have to keep to the terms and conditions of their contracts with staff , which could affect activates Tesco’s wish to do as they may not fit in the with hours the members of staff involved can work. Tesco’s can deal with this by offering willing to work staff overtime shifts, if staff are willing to do this, it means that Tesco’s doesn’t need to employ any more member which works out better for them as if they were to do this, they would then have to find the correct amount of hours agreed in the contact which might not be available. Even though some staff maybe willing to work more hours, they may feel that because they are helping out the business that they don’t need to be as professional and honest as they are when working their own scheduled shifts, this article (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/tesco-accused-of-using-electronic-armbands-to-monitor-its-staff-8493952.html)is about how Tesco’s is trying to deal with this issue. Tesco’s has come up with this idea of its warehouse and forklift staff wearing electronic bracelets which helps improve the efficiency of it workers as it means they don’t have to carry around items such as pen and paper as the armband collects this data which also means they are collection correct data. This armband also allows Tesco’s to monitor their staff to check that they are doing their jobs when expected of them and that they are not taking any un-agreed breaks, the arm band also informs the staff of when they are allowed there b reaks. This helps Tesco’s make sure their staff are not working over the hours allowed or working under the hours agreed. A legal factor that impacts Tata motors  is the protection of customers and employees, like all businesses Tata has to keep to legal factors and laws, the need to treat all of their customers fairly and honestly, this helps customers feel they can trust the business as well as giving the a good reputation. Challenges that Tata face when selling their products are making sure they pass the sales of good act which means they need to describe the product exactly how it is and not say it does something it actually doesn’t. It also needs to pass the customer credit act. http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-motors-focus-on-customer-satisfaction-to-woo-back-buyers-114111600186_1.html this article explains how they are going out of their way to make sure the give there customers the best service they possibly can. The article states that Tata motor has previously had problems with their customer service. They have taken this feedback and actually work on making it better by improving the quality of manufacture and repairs. How the business deal with social factors A common social factor that affects business is equal rights for both man and female workers and peoples religion. This could impact Tesco’s as if anyone feels as though they are being judged or unable to do something because of these reasons then they could cause problems for Tesco’s by making complaints either to their managers or their union. To make sure this doesn’t happen Tesco’s has to make sure that their staff know that everyone treated the same and if there are people applying for a job they cannot turn them away because of these reason, the only way they can do this is if someone is disabled in some way and their disability would stop them from doing the job required, however if this is the care they have to inform this person that is the reason but in a kind way as not to offend them. Tesco’s deal with these possible problem by getting new applicants to have a cv which is what they are judged upon or the job, they then have interview/trial which is so that they are then judged upon their abilities to do the job not on the gender or religious view. Tesco’s has coped well with this issues as if you are to go into their stores you are clearly able to see a balanced level of both male and female staff, Tesco’s also considers the religious view and has there store open later and close early on a Sunday as most religions see this a day of rest.

Part1. Physical items Essay Example for Free

Part1. Physical items Essay Goods: Physical items produced by business organizations. Operations Management: the management of systems or processes that create goods and/or provide services Process: One or more actions that transform inputs into outputs Services: activities that provide some combination of time, location, form, and psychological value System: a set of interrelated parts that must work together. Technology: the application of scientific discoveries to the development and improvement of goods and services Operations management requires: both knowledge of the facts and how to interpret that info in order to produce and deliver Requires constant improvement: due to competition in the marketplace and advances in technology Good process design is: customer driven. What questions What type of process is best suited that will fulfill our customers needs What is the goal in selecting a supplier? To find the best product available for the best price you can The global market enables the operations manager: the flecibility to choose the most cost effective supplier Honda’s relationship with their suppliers is based on: trust Why did Hillrich Bradsby implement ERP system?: to simplify their processes When do hillrich bradsbey start their production process?: when an order is entered into the system What was the purpose of Disney’s Fast Pass?: remove the need to wait in line by using a virtual queue Measuring is an important method. Monitoring the consistency and repeatability of a process is called: statistical process control What technique does Gortac use to support continuous improvement: in manufacturing, try to be more efficient, improving quality: continuous improvement: record the days productivity numbers and compare – daily production meetings. How did ABTCO increase capacity without adding space or investing capital? : using fundamentals of operations mgmt., reorganized the manuf process to improve quality and efficiency. Closed lines producing unfrofitable products and started idle lines to fill shortages, as a result, their siding unit increased prod capacity w out adding space or capital expense.

Life Of Raphael Sanzio :: essays research papers

During a time when Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci were the prime artists in Europe, a young man by the name of Raffaello Sanzio was starting to attract major attention with his artworks. The Italian high Renaissance was marked by paintings expressing human grandeur and very humanistic values. No one better portrayed the Italian high Renaissance then Raphael Sanzio, with his painting’s clarity and ease of composition, Raphael was easily one of the greatest painters of this period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in an artistically influenced town in Italy called Urbino, Raffaello Sanzio was first taught by his father, Giovanni Santi, how to compose works of art at a very early age. At the age of fourteen, Raphael’s father realized his son’s potential and sent him to a very talented teacher by the name of Pietro Perugino. Pietro Perugino lived from 1478 to 1520, and had a strong influence on Raphael’s early artworks. Perugino was a Umbrian painter who loved to incorporate beautiful landscapes into his paintings. Raphael’s early works resembled Perugino’s so much that paintings such as the Crucifixion with the Virgin, Saint John, Saint Jerome, and Saint Mary Magdalene were thought to be Raphael’s until the church of San Gimingniano proved that they were in fact Perugino’s. "Raphael was only 14. It is undoubtedly a Perugino calmly emotional, and pious rather than passionate. Unlike the other great painters of this time, such as Michelangelo and Da Vinci, Raphael was born with a great understanding of art and required little instruction if any. Because of Raphael’s great understanding of the arts, he quickly surpassed his teacher and ventured out on his own to the great city of Florence in 1504.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the same time Raphael arrived in Florence, the other great painters of time, Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci were the popular painters of the city. Because of the competitive environment of Florence, Raphael adopted many new painting techniques such as shading, anatomy, and frozen action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Michelangelo and Da Vinci’s styles influenced Raphael while he was in Florence. Raphael’s energetic paintings with softness and balance such as the "Small Cauper Madonna", were influenced directly from Michelangelo. While Raphael was in Florence, Duke Guidobaldo employed him to paint a painting for King Henry VII of England. In the painting "Saint George and the Dragon", Raphael portrays Saint George as a brave warrior fighting against a dragon right outside it’s lair. Life Of Raphael Sanzio :: essays research papers During a time when Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci were the prime artists in Europe, a young man by the name of Raffaello Sanzio was starting to attract major attention with his artworks. The Italian high Renaissance was marked by paintings expressing human grandeur and very humanistic values. No one better portrayed the Italian high Renaissance then Raphael Sanzio, with his painting’s clarity and ease of composition, Raphael was easily one of the greatest painters of this period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born in an artistically influenced town in Italy called Urbino, Raffaello Sanzio was first taught by his father, Giovanni Santi, how to compose works of art at a very early age. At the age of fourteen, Raphael’s father realized his son’s potential and sent him to a very talented teacher by the name of Pietro Perugino. Pietro Perugino lived from 1478 to 1520, and had a strong influence on Raphael’s early artworks. Perugino was a Umbrian painter who loved to incorporate beautiful landscapes into his paintings. Raphael’s early works resembled Perugino’s so much that paintings such as the Crucifixion with the Virgin, Saint John, Saint Jerome, and Saint Mary Magdalene were thought to be Raphael’s until the church of San Gimingniano proved that they were in fact Perugino’s. "Raphael was only 14. It is undoubtedly a Perugino calmly emotional, and pious rather than passionate. Unlike the other great painters of this time, such as Michelangelo and Da Vinci, Raphael was born with a great understanding of art and required little instruction if any. Because of Raphael’s great understanding of the arts, he quickly surpassed his teacher and ventured out on his own to the great city of Florence in 1504.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the same time Raphael arrived in Florence, the other great painters of time, Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci were the popular painters of the city. Because of the competitive environment of Florence, Raphael adopted many new painting techniques such as shading, anatomy, and frozen action.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Michelangelo and Da Vinci’s styles influenced Raphael while he was in Florence. Raphael’s energetic paintings with softness and balance such as the "Small Cauper Madonna", were influenced directly from Michelangelo. While Raphael was in Florence, Duke Guidobaldo employed him to paint a painting for King Henry VII of England. In the painting "Saint George and the Dragon", Raphael portrays Saint George as a brave warrior fighting against a dragon right outside it’s lair.

Sonia and Raskolnikov in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

Sonia and Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment    Sonia and Raskolnikov are two characters that interact with each other in the novel, Crime and Punishment. They interact on multiple levels, sharing several likenesses. Both of these characters are at-times self-sacrificing, both are struggling for meaning in a dreary existence, and both are generally unhappy people, but brighten and seem to enjoy each other's presence--even when Raskolnikov is berating her religion. What is self-sacrifice, for which these characters and so many people around the world engage in? It is a desire to help those around us more than we wish to help ourselves. This is not normal human state, although it can be brought about easily by societal pressures, and sometimes even political societies can compel this attitude. Sonia practices a form of altruism for her family however. She acquires a yellow card and takes her body off to the moral slaughter by sacrificing it to others for money--money that will go to her starving, poor family. Though not his predomin ant state of mind or action, Raskolnikov does have temporal tendencies towards self-sacrifice. It seems that part of his state of mind when considering the murder of the pawnbroker is that he will be helping society as a whole--definitely a motive that comes from outside the self. Sonia and Raskolnikov share many characteristics that make them an interesting encounter for each other. A tendency to self-sacrifice for one, and a life of it for another, provides for an amalgam of psychological likenesses which help the characters relate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due in part to their self-sacrificing lives, both characters are also trying to search for meaning in the dreary existence which they are subjected to. Sonia finds this meaning in the Bible, in a belief in God. Raskolnikov writes a theory. He finds solace in thinking that he himself is a god-like creature, he believes he is extraordinary. A belief in being a subject of the Divine and thinking that there are two divisions of men is extremely close. Both of these characters also have their meaning attacked. Porfiry Petrovich attacks and picks for holes in the theory of Raskolnikov. Perhaps as a reaction to this, Raskolnikov picks holes in the support for meaning in Sonia's life--God, the Bible, and her faith. The final glues that continually attracts these two characters is the fact that all their morbid similarities bring them together so that they actually enjoy each other's presence.

Ancient China Essay -- essays research papers

One of the most important inventions of all time was the invention of gunpowder. â€Å"Imagine their enemy's surprise when the Chinese first demonstrated their newest invention in the eighth century AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The military applications were clear. New weapons were rapidly developed, including rockets and others that were launched from a bamboo tube† (Franklin Institute). The Chinese are known for their inventions that still are used in the modern day. Those inventions are paper, gunpowder, books, and much more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gunpowder was discovered in the tenth century by Chinese medicine men that were looking for the secret to immortality. They thought that gunpowder could be used as a medicine of some sort. â€Å"The invention of gunpowder gave the Chinese a distinct advantage over their enemies, changing the nature of warfare† (Ken Hsu, Willy Hsu, Micheal Lu).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first gunpowder was used to blast rocks apart and to make fireworks, later to be used as warfare. To medieval Chinese it was simply an aid to esthetic pleasure. By the 10th century, gunpowder began to be used for military purposes in China in the form of rockets and explosive bombs fired from catapults. The first reference to cannon appears in 1126 when oil bamboo tubes were used to launch missiles at the enemy. Eventually bamboo tubes were replaced by metal tubes, and the oldest cannon in China dates from 1290. From China, the military use of gunpowder appears to have spread to Japan and Europe. â€Å"It was used by the Mongols against the Hungarians in 1241 and was mentioned by Roger Bacon in 1248. By the mid 14th century, early cannons are mentioned extensively both in Europe and in China.† (Jack Kelly). In China as in Europe, the use of gunpowder to produce firearms and cannons was delayed by difficulties in creating metal tubes that would contain an explosion. This problem may have led to the false myth that the Chinese used their invention only for the manufacture of fireworks. In fact, gunpowder powered cannons and rockets were extensively used in the Mongol conquests of the 13th century and were a feature of East Asian warfare afterwards. â€Å"The short squat and thick city walls of Beijing for example, were specifically designe... ...emoved by hand. The fibers are beaten in a blender or by hand to a creamy pulp. At this stage, dyes can be added to create colored papers. The pulp is poured into a large tub and the fibers are suspended in the water. The artisan dips a framed screen into the water and with great skill, lifts it to the surface catching the fibers onto the screen. The screens can be left in the sun to dry, or be transferred to boards, pressed, smoothed and then dried. â€Å"It wasn't until the invention of paper that information could be recorded and passed on cheaply and in greater quantity† (Paper Trading International).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the many years of experimenting it has paid off for the Chinese. I researched two great masterpieces from it. But there were many more inventions, like the compass, medicine, printing, embroidery and silk. When trying to find the secret to immortality they made gunpowder with a bang! When getting bored trying to make something to send messages on they made the great paper. Both of these inventions are still used this very day, maybe it will be used for a lot more in years to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Decision Support Systems :: essays research papers

Decision Support Systems (DSS) A Decision Support System (DSS) is an information system at the management level of an organization that combines data, analytical tools, and models to support semistructured and unstructured decision-making. A DSS can handle low volume or massive databases optimized for data analysis. DSS has more power than other systems. They are built explicitly with a variety of models to analyze data or they condense large amounts of data into a form where they can be analyzed by decision-makers. DSS are designed so that the user can work with them directly. In the proceeding paragraphs I will give examples of some decision support systems and how they are being used. Integrated Decision Support Corporation (IDSC) is a company that provides decision support software to the truckload transportation industry. IDSC focuses on providing superior decision making software by creating state of the art optimization algorithms. IDSC released a product called NETWISE 3.0 in response to shippers requesting packaged and conditional bids, carriers having a difficult time selecting the lanes that compliment their current network, and determining the dedicated opportunities within a bid. NETWISE 3.0 are a decision support tool used in the analysis of profitability, pricing, and network balance. Companies were having a problem of having their carriers spend countless hours of manpower responding to single bid. NETWISE 3.0 addresses this issue by providing them with an enterprise software package that provides the with the same opportunities as the shipper. IDSC solved the problem of having the carrier determine how to price a lane so that it appears attractive to the shipper and yet still be profitable. During the bid preparation process, NETWISE utilizes a data correction engine that provides an intelligent search for city names and postal codes. Overall NETWISE provides users with a tool that significantly reduces the amount of time required to process a shipper bid. This allows item to be spent on the strategic issues instead of the monotonous details. NETWISE provides an intelligently discipline to the pricing process, resulting in a excellent solution for responding to shippers bids, or determining appropriate annual or daily pricing action. Innovative Systems Techniques (Insyte) designs and installs database management and decision support systems using Vision, their object oriented database technology. As both a technology developer and systems implementers, they uniquely offer clients access to their Vision technology and the direct involvement of their Vision TECNOLOGY and the direct involvement of their Vision Vision TECNOLOGY nad of their highly capable staff.

How Social Media Influences Your Shopping Essay

At the present time social media is the one of the most powerful ways to shop and advertise online via the use of web-based and mobile technologies; it transforms online communication into an interactive dialogue. Quester, Pettigrew and Hawkins (2011) defined social media as â€Å"media for social interaction, using highly accessible and scalable communication techniques.† According to Vithoulkas, social media is more than just the hardware or software which enables it, instead he argues that it is more of a philosophy of communication where honest and transparency is required and information is shared and has the potential to â€Å"spread virally very quickly†. For the consumer, social media can be a continual bombardment of advertising and promotion every time we use communication modes, such as the internet or mobile, which may be infuriating for the consumer but increases the market exposure for the seller. This report intends to analyse the effectiveness of social media in influencing the general population to purchase more than presently before. When large companies, such as Pepsi, invest 50% of their annual advertising budget into Social Media it is obviously a worthy idea for the discussion of marketing professionals worldwide. The buyer behaviour system has been challenged in ranges of high involvement and low involvement alike. Consumer control is now the focus of consumption, when before it was heavily regulated institutionally. Although social media is an inescapable part of every day life it cannot be assumed that it will replace other forms of communication. A great number of people of all ages use social networking sites before purchasing a product, especially in high involvement purchases. Seidma (2010, p11) has demonstrated that the large majority of people are engaged in some form of social media, showing its considerable societal acceptance; Marketing magazine online tells us that â€Å"Facebook has more than 400 million active users. Every minute, 24 hours of video is uploaded to YouTube. An estimated 5–10 thousand Twitter accounts are opened per day,† showing that when information is directly found by a population 20 times that of Australia there is serious product awareness to gain . Quester et al. (2011) stated that there are fives stages of decisions making processes prior to making the choice in buying a product or service. These include problem recognition, information search, evaluation and selection, store choice and purchase and post purchase processes. When consumers’ recognise a need or identify a problem which may exist, they then undertake an information search on the product or service with their behaviour influenced by internal and external factors, Consumers evaluate the various alternatives after they have gathered all information, and afterwards they make a selection of retail outlets for the actual purchase of the good or service. Lastly, the consumer compares the product performance against their expectations and decide whether they satisfied or dissatisfied with it. In last few decades, traditional media such as television, radio, newspaper has been the only way to promote and communicate with the target market, but now it appears that the trend has changed. As seen in diagram one (below) consumer control is now the driver in the marketing segment. As seen in chart one (below), it can be seen that on average people spend more time when choosing and product and general spend more money, suggesting that when purchasing online the products will be a high involvement purchase. Marketing Magazine online tell us â€Å"For 35% of shoppers, the process starts with online search; 30% of consumers read user reviews on retailer websites as a part of the shopping process.† In the U.S.A. alone there are 95 million people who admit to frequently using social-media in their purchase decisions. Hub Magazine found that more than 40% of American adults currently use social media as part of their shopping experiences, with further data showing most consumers increased in use of social media for shopping within an annual period. Hub magazine also found that 39% have strongly agreed with the statement that ‘they can learn a lot more about a brand by seeing what everyday people are saying about it online’ in comparison with only 22% percent of non-social media shoppers agreeing with the statement. This clealy shows us that Social Media can obviously affect buying habits. However, social media may not be the first choice for every business or organisation for their marketing strategy. In December 2009, COM Score released a report of their customer survey that showed peoples views on social media in comparison to traditional forms of media. Overall, they found that 28% of respondents were likely to notice advertising on social media and less than that 23% are likely to trust the advertisements they notice. Those numbers put social media websites at #5 on the list behind television, print, news and corporate websites. In the same findings it also showed that only 28% of those who had began their holiday shopping this season indicated that social media has influenced their purchases specifically consumers said their influences were: †¢ Reading a consumer-generated product review (13% of respondents) †¢ Reading an expert product review (11 %)  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Following a fan page on Face book to take advantage of special offers and deals (7%) †¢ Influence by a friend’s Face book status update referring to a particular product (6%) †¢ Following a company on Twitter to take advantage of special offers and deals (5%) †¢ A friend’s â€Å"tweet† about a product influenced their purchase behaviour (3%) Given the exposure to the internet that we in the western world undergo every day versus time spend watching television, it is odd that only 13% saw the high consumer involvement in reading reviews of products. What is even stranger is that these consumers have shifted from trusting expert reviews to peer reviews. In traditional media reputable sources were usually quoted to give weight to a certain product. It seems in the days of social media, peer influence has replaced the trustworthiness of reputable sources. Thus changing the buyer behaviour process. Social Media may influence and change the buyer behaviour process but it is not necessarily a replacement for tradition media. Although it is a change to the normal standards of media, it will never replace traditional media given the system of interaction in our society. The interesting thing, as discussed in this essay, is the change in the high involvement purchase process and the consumer control over purchases. It is effective to some degree, given the right target audience and consumer group, but in our society with the lack of general literacy (21.1% of the world are internet literate) and dramatic choices for consumers it is not the answer to the change of the consumer buyer process.

Why Minors Shouldn’t Get Tattoos.

Why Minors Shouldn’t Get Tattoos & Body Piercings! The more popular and mainstream tattoos and piercings become, the more teenagers want them. The problem is, it's not legal for minors to get tattoos in many states. The other problem is, most parents don't go for the idea at all. This puts teens in a position where they feel they have to make a decision for themselves, and they go seeking someone to tattoo and/or pierce them without the consent of their parents. This is where things can go terribly wrong.The fact is, any tattoo or piercing â€Å"artist† (I use that term very loosely) who is willing to break the law and disregard the wishes of parents in order to tattoo or pierce a minor is already proving they have no concern for their â€Å"client†. How can you trust someone with your health and safety who is already a criminal? Do you really want to get a tattoo by some scum with a â€Å"gun† and some ink just because he he'll do it cheap and not tell yo ur parents? If you don't want to listen to me, listen to one of your own peers. Lucky Star† is 17, and she felt compelled to share her story and explain why she has decided to wait until she is of legal age to get a tattoo. Before I begin my tale of horror I have one thing to say. Wait ‘til your 18, because it'll be so much greater if you do. That's going to be your right of passage. Trust me. I’m going to be 17 in July and its killing me that I'll have to wait just one more year to get a tat. I've been wanting tattoos since I was 10 – no joke. And I've already planned out the ones I want and where they’re going to be on my body.But I know when I'm finally able to have a professional put that beautiful piece of artwork on my body that I've craved for so long, the feeling will be so sweet. Ok enough of that on to my scary story. At the beginning of June my friend met this guy at work who said he would tattoo us at his home because he was an apprentice and he had the tools to do so at his house. I was so excited and so was my friend. So that weekend while we were driving over to his house I started thinking about all the things that have been said about tattoo artists who are willing to tattoo minors.I became torn†¦ the â€Å"should I or shouldn't I? † began a battle in my head 'til we pulled into the guy's driveway. My friend turned to me and said â€Å"are you ready? † and I was like â€Å"No, I'm not. I'm not going to go through with this. I'm just going to wait till I'm 18. † My friend then called me a baby and we went into the guy’s house. The house was disgusting and the bathroom was even worse, and that’s where the dude tattooed a hibiscus flower on my friend’s pelvic bone. I sat on the couch and cried my eyes out because I thought I blew my chance to get inked. Boy, was I wrong.After not seeing my friend for 6 days I went to her place to return some clothes I borrowed from he r. As soon as I walked into the house she grabbed me and ran to the bathroom and showed me this disgusting blob that was once her hibiscus flower tattoo. It had become infected and patchy. She ended up having to go to the hospital because the infection got really bad and she didn't want to fess up to her mom that she had gotten a tat underage in some dude's bathroom. I had to explain to her mom at the hospital about what went down. My friend is doing much better now and we've both learned a good lesson.This hasn't scared either of us from getting tattoos. It just taught us to wait till we're of legal age. Well, to all of you who are still reading I say thank you and hope that you learned something from my experience. Lucky Star's experience is just one of many where young people find themselves in a dangerous situation simply because they can't wait a few months or years to get tattooed or pierced legally. Is it really worth risking your life for? Is a piece of jewelry or a picture on your skin worth dying for? If you think it is, that is exactly why you are not mature enough to get it. Grow up and come back later.

Change Anticipate Change Essay

Change Anticipate Change Essay Change: Anticipate Change Essay Change Paper August, 2013 Introduction Change is normal. That’s how we grow and evolve as humans. As stated by Dr. Spencer Johnson, â€Å"if you do not change, you can become extinct†(Johnson, 2002). Change is difficult for most people. They like what they have grown accustomed to and prefer to stay in their â€Å"comfort zone† They detest being stretched beyond the limit of their comfort zone. Some are pushed outside their comfort zone by other people or circumstances, while others intentionally push themselves outside of their own comfort zone to enable them grow and develop personally. When people refuse to plan and prepare for change, the become stuck in the event of unforeseen circumstances or situation, they can be likened to one of the four characters in â€Å"Who Moved My Cheese† the mice, Sniff and Scurry, ‘sniff out change and Scurry to move with it’ or Hem and Haw, the two little people in the story, who found their ‘Cheese’ and when it is lost , they become lost, until they made up their mind to change. Change in Professional environments In today’s fast-paced and highly competitive environment, it is very crucial for organization to be flexible to change in order to grow and remain profitable. Employees are often faced with the tedious task of navigating through this change. This process can be very distressing and frustrating to the employees. It is always advisable to recognize the different stages of change and anticipate its impact in order to take preventative measures. California budget crisis, for instance, has induced budget cut in all the sectors and counties. Notable among these sectors are the school district. Two years prior to this, the Los Angeles County of Education (LACOE), has announced that budget cut will force the district to close down some classes and lay off classroom teachers. Teachers who have been in the job for several years started to live in denial, thinking that they would not be affe cted. Others are gripped by fear that they will not be able to get another job if they lose their job. However, some of them acknowledged the impending change and started preparing for the change. I know of one of the teachers, who has been with school district for many years, and is enrolled in a weekend program at California to study Speech Therapy in order to enhance her marketability in the event of lay off. This teacher can be likened to Sniff and Scurry, the mice who ‘sniffs’ out change, and realize that the looming change is inevitable and started making plan. She did not dwell on the fact that she has been in the teaching for several years and become too comfortable and refusing to see the inescapable change, just like Hew and Haw. Rather, she accepted the change and focuses her efforts in absorbing it and moving forward. How to handle change Change is inevitable and continuous and as a student I learned that the best approach to handle change lies significantly in having a positive attitude about every experience. Nursing is a new profession to me, due to my previous background in business administration, I found nursing challenging, yet interesting. It became obvious that every new encounter has its pitfalls, but the fact lies on my being able to persevere and identify good sides of every experience. How I perceived changes have changed for the better due my realization that changes open a world of possibilities, stimulates opportunity of learning new things and provides an enabling environment for personal growth. Change in the health care environment Prior to the introduction of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), paper charting was used in collecting and sharing patient information among the care team members. The initial introduction of EMRs was met with fierce resistance. They start questioning the reliability of EMRs in collecting, storing, and sharing patients`

How to Prepare for a Timed Writing Exam

How to Prepare for a Timed Writing Exam Timed essays are a favorite for standardized tests and college exams. They not only test your knowledge, but they test your ability to develop a coherent argument under pressure. The secret to a timed writing exam is preparation beforehand and avoiding rushing on the day of the exam. Here are some tips on how to write a great timed essay. Manage Your Stress One cause of poor performance on timed essays is anxiety. There are lots of scientific studies that show how anxiety affects brain function. If you’re stressed while reading the prompt, you may not even be able to understand it, let alone formulate a good response to it. If you feel yourself starting to panic when the proctor or professor starts the clock, take a moment to calm yourself down. Close your eyes. Take a few deep breaths. Count to twenty. Then slowly open your eyes and with a calm mind start reading the essay prompt. Another thing that helps with stress is preparation. Find out which things can make you fail and how to avoid them! Do Some Practice Runs You won’t know the topic beforehand, but if you actually sit down and do a couple of practice essays on some plausible topics, you’ll be able to see where your weaknesses lie and how you can address them. For example, did you rush into the writing without thinking it through first? Did you need to go back and revise? Did you have enough time to make a sensible revision? Practicing first will not only help you remain more calm when it’s show time, it will also help you learn to pace yourself. Think Before You Write After reading the topic, give yourself some time to let your thoughts on it formulate. If you jump right in to your first idea, you may miss an opportunity to write an even better, more well-formed essay. A good way to decide what to write is to jot down notes on the different ideas that come up and then choose which one you think is the best one. Make an Outline Again, resist the urge to just start scribbling and dedicate time to preparing your essay first. Making an outline where you line up the points you wish to touch on will help guide your writing. It will also prevent you from forgetting what you wanted to say, a common problem with timed essays due to stress and pressure. Make Sure You’re Answering the Question Another common pitfall to avoid is failing to address the prompt. Again, this problem can be circumvented by slowing down. While making your outline, keep referring to the prompt. Does each part of your outline answer it? If not, what has to be changed to make sure you stay on course? Don’t Write Filler Even though this is a timed essay, you should dedicate your efforts to writing quality statements. Don’t write just to fill the space. This can be particularly tempting when writing the introduction which is where it’s most important for you to get to the point. Your thesis statement at the end of your introductory paragraph should be well-defined and strong. This will help the flow of the rest of your essay so give it your best effort. Revision Tips What if you followed all of the above advice but in the middle of writing had a new idea that would change your essay? Here you have to make a decision. Is the new idea so much better that it warrants changing your essay structure for it? AND do you have enough time to revise completely? If so, then go back and revise the parts you’ve written so far. If you’re writing on paper, make sure you skip a line to leave room for revisions. On a computer, it’s much easier to revise, but you also run the risk of deleting work you wish to use later. If you’re revising on a computer, put the parts you want to take out in brackets. After you’ve finished writing and are doing a final edit, go back and take out the parts that are unnecessary.

How to Make a Histogram in 7 Simple Steps

How to Make a Histogram in 7 Simple Steps A histogram is a type of graph that is used in statistics. This kind of graph uses vertical bars to display quantitative data.  The heights of the bars indicate the frequencies or relative frequencies of values in our data set. Although any basic software can construct a histogram, it is important to know what your computer is doing behind the scenes when it produces a histogram. The following walks through the steps that are used to construct a histogram.  With these steps, we could construct a histogram by hand. Classes or Bins Before we draw our histogram, there are some preliminaries that we must do.  The initial step involves some basic summary statistics from our data set.   First, we find the highest and lowest data value in the set of data. From these numbers, the range can be computed by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value. We next use the range to determine the width of our classes.  There is no set rule, but as a rough guide, the range should be divided by five for small sets of data and 20 for larger sets. These numbers will give a class width or bin width. We may need to round this number and/or use some common sense. Once the class width is determined, we choose a class that will include the minimum data value. We then use our class width to produce subsequent classes, stopping when we have produced a class that includes the maximum data value. Frequency Tables Now that we have determined our classes, the next step is to make a table of frequencies. Begin with a column that lists the classes in increasing order. The next column should have a tally for each of the classes. The third column is for the count or frequency of data in each class. The final column is for the relative frequency of each class. This indicates what proportion of the data is in that particular class. Drawing the Histogram Now that we have organized our data by classes, we are ready to draw our histogram. Draw a horizontal line. This will be where we denote our classes.Place evenly spaced marks along this line that correspond to the classes.Label the marks so that the scale is clear and give a name to the horizontal axis.Draw a vertical line just to the left of the lowest class.Choose a scale for the vertical axis that will accommodate the class with the highest frequency.Label the marks so that the scale is clear and give a name to the vertical axis.Construct bars for each class. The height of each bar should correspond to the frequency of the class at the base of the bar.  We can also use relative frequencies for the heights of our bars.

Walt Whitman Comparison Research Paper Example

Walt Whitman Comparison Research Paper Example Walt Whitman Comparison Paper Walt Whitman Comparison Paper he tells the audience that he sees things that most people dont see every day, and Isnt afraid to say what he thinks about some things. Like when he takes In the runaway slave, he Is not afraid of the slave, and Is willing to protect him from any potential danger. In Whitman poems, he talks to us about things that happen daily, but no one really notices the beauty or meaning of the actions. In the poem Song of myself #52, he compares himself to nature, and how much people have changed and separated themselves from the real things in life. He talks to the spotted hawk as if he is acquainted with him, and he lies in the grass as if he is a part of it, and is sinking into it, but no one notices how important the grass or the earth (soil) is. He feels isolated by the world around him, and maybe feels that nature is more amazing that people make It because It does not Judge you for what you do or think, but rather leaves you alone In perfect harmony. Since the rest of the world Is so chaotic, It seems that he would much rather do something Like sit In the grass and think about nothing for a while. In the poem A sight In Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim, Whitman depicts a war scene, and what things he sees. He seems to be an innocent bystander, wondering who these people are, what theyve done to come here, why they did so, and if there is any faith in the world anymore. The theme in this poem seemed to be religion, because when he asks the (living or dead) people who they are, and relates them to religious figures. He wonders if they are people sent from God to show the world what they have become, and that things are supposed to change. The theme in Whitman poems is that people need to become less fretful and see he beauty in things that they normally think are useless; that there is a deeper meaning to life and that people need to stop Judging. He makes the audience feel as If we need to find a better way through life. He has been an outcast to society by writing poems In his style, that dont necessarily have a rhythm or a rhyme, but rather a different and deeper meaning to life. Walt Whitman Comparison By Jordanians most people dont see every day, and isnt afraid to say what he thinks about some things. Like when he takes in the runaway slave, he is not afraid of the slave, and is tauter is more amazing that people make it because it does not Judge you for what you do or think, but rather leaves you alone in perfect harmony. Since the rest of the world is so chaotic, it seems that he would much rather do something like sit in the In the poem A sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim, Whitman depicts a wondering who these people are, what theyve done to come here, why they did so, if we need to find a better way through life. He has been an outcast to society by writing poems in his style, that dont necessarily have a rhythm or a rhyme, but rather

Free Essays on Andrew Lloyd Weber

Andrew Lloyd Webber was born on March 22, 1948 in London, England. His home was filled with music and he showed, from an early age, a natural talent for it. He was the son of William Lloyd Webber a composer, musician and musical scholar at the Royal College of Music and his wife Jean Hermione Lloyd Webber a singer, violinist and a piano teacher. They married on October 3, 1942, six years before Andrew was born. His brother Julian was born in 1951. Both grew up in a large flat at Harrington Court, South Kensington, London. Andrew started to play the violin when he was three years old, and then took piano lessons and lessons on the French horn. As a child, he liked playing his own songs rather than someone else’s during his music lessons. Andrew also was also interested in inspecting ancient monuments around England. It and history were what many thought he would do for a career. However, his Aunt Vi introduced him to the theatre and especially musical theatre. She would take hi m to big musicals like My Fair Lady, and to films like Gigi and South Pacific. Under her advice he began writing music of his own. When he was six he wrote his own songs and at the age of nine he had a piece of music published in the magazine Music Teacher. Soon after, he built a small theatre at home and wrote musicals for it. Andrew was schooled at the private Wetherby school and in 1956 he entered school at the prestigious Westminster Underschool. He started writing music for the school’s plays and in 1962 he won a Challenge Scholarship that reduced his tuition at Westminster where he continued to compose music and make local musicals within the school. After Westminster, in 1964, Andrew won another scholarship to transfer to Oxford University’s Magdalin College, where he stayed only one term. He started examining different schools and he decided he wanted to write music. It was during this point that Andrew, then 17, met lyricist Tim Rice 21, and dr... Free Essays on Andrew Lloyd Weber Free Essays on Andrew Lloyd Weber Andrew Lloyd Webber was born on March 22, 1948 in London, England. His home was filled with music and he showed, from an early age, a natural talent for it. He was the son of William Lloyd Webber a composer, musician and musical scholar at the Royal College of Music and his wife Jean Hermione Lloyd Webber a singer, violinist and a piano teacher. They married on October 3, 1942, six years before Andrew was born. His brother Julian was born in 1951. Both grew up in a large flat at Harrington Court, South Kensington, London. Andrew started to play the violin when he was three years old, and then took piano lessons and lessons on the French horn. As a child, he liked playing his own songs rather than someone else’s during his music lessons. Andrew also was also interested in inspecting ancient monuments around England. It and history were what many thought he would do for a career. However, his Aunt Vi introduced him to the theatre and especially musical theatre. She would take hi m to big musicals like My Fair Lady, and to films like Gigi and South Pacific. Under her advice he began writing music of his own. When he was six he wrote his own songs and at the age of nine he had a piece of music published in the magazine Music Teacher. Soon after, he built a small theatre at home and wrote musicals for it. Andrew was schooled at the private Wetherby school and in 1956 he entered school at the prestigious Westminster Underschool. He started writing music for the school’s plays and in 1962 he won a Challenge Scholarship that reduced his tuition at Westminster where he continued to compose music and make local musicals within the school. After Westminster, in 1964, Andrew won another scholarship to transfer to Oxford University’s Magdalin College, where he stayed only one term. He started examining different schools and he decided he wanted to write music. It was during this point that Andrew, then 17, met lyricist Tim Rice 21, and dr...

Cognitve Group Therapy for Depression in Adults essays

Cognitve Group Therapy for Depression in Adults essays One of the most important developments in psychosocial approaches to emotional problems has been the success of cognitive therapy for depression. Evidence for the powerful efficacy of this approach has increased throughout the years, particularly in regard to its long-term outcome. Because it employs a variety of well specified cognitive and behavioral techniques, cognitive therapy for depression is known for its detailed structure of each session with its specific agendas. It is also know for the deliberate and obviously effective therapeutic style or interacting with the clients through a series of well thought out questions. Cognitive therapy with adult depressed clients is usually undertaken in the therapists office. It has most frequently been applied in a one-on-one setting. However, group cognitive therapy has also been shown to successful with many depressed outpatients. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders encounter by therapists. More than 19 million adult Americans will experience some form of depression each year. Depression has been shown to increase the risk of heart attacks, and is a frequent factor in strokes, diabetes, and cancer. Furthermore, depression is the leading cause of disability, and the costs of treatment are an estimated $30 billion a year. Evidence even suggests that by the year 2010, depression will be the second most costly of illnesses worldwide. Research has indicated that cognitive therapy for depression is at least as effective as tricyclic antidepressants. Some studies have even found cognitive therapy to be superior to drug treatment. However, these results cannot always be duplicated. Even though the vast majority of clients recover from depression, they are always vulnerable to future episodes of depression. With this in mind, the urgent need for a therapy that is capable of minimizing and preventing relapse. One that clients can utilize long after the gr...

Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macbeth - Essay Example When considering all of this, Hamlet’s contemplation and indecisiveness certainly seem justified. We are forced to think about death and the afterlife by the play. The actions of the play are forced by the death of Hamlet’s father and the ghost’s appearance, and Hamlet contemplates death and suicide throughout the play. Death plays a large part in the theme of uncertainty throughout the play. We have no idea what happens after we die, and so we can no idea as to what happens afterwards. Because we do not know what will happen, we do can not know if we are making the correct decision in regards to questions of suicide. Hamlet ponders this very question in his most famous soliloquy, â€Å"To be or not to be† (III.i.56-86). He comes to the conclusion that people would only deal with the pain and suffering of life precisely because the there is so much uncertainty in everything dealing with the afterlife. The ghost’s existence is another factor to consider when thinking about the afterlife. The ghost’s existence seems to confirm the existence of an afterlife in the world of the play, but it does not state what kid of afterlife actually exists. The ghost has apparently come to seek out vengeance for wrong doings from his life, but we have to consider that it might merely be an evil spirit that is just trying to create trouble. There are many cues throughout the play to suggest as much. Because we cannot know the nature of the afterlife until we are actually dead, we cannot know for certain what the intentions and goals of the ghost really were. The ghost simply adds to he uncertainties. Hamlet is certainly left with more of his fair share of questions to ask himself: â€Å"Was I deceived by the ghost? How am I to do the deed? When? Where? What will be the consequences of attempting it—success, my death, utter misunderstanding, mere mischief

Illegal Aliens and the After-Acquired Evidence Essay

Illegal Aliens and the After-Acquired Evidence - Essay Example The doctrine may level the playing field for employers in employment discrimination claims. However, there is also a danger of inequitably undermining the plaintiff's claims of demonstrating authentically unlawful motivations of employers. The After-Acquired Evidence Doctrine is one of the most controversial rules recently contained in the employment law. As claims on employment discrimination are often invoked in courts by those who alleged unlawful discharge as a consequence of their ethnicity, religion, disability, gender or race, the US courts' decisions with regards these claims have transformed and encompassed contingencies that were neither promulgated nor mulled over by the legislature. The After-Acquired Evidence Rule spawned to be a ground-breaking doctrine which takes into account misconducts - such as document and resume fraud - and the legality of the working status of a person - such as that of an illegal alien. The most controversial aspect of this doctrine is that the evidence discovered which included the misconducts and the illegality of a person's status as aforementioned are still admissible in courts which will consequently undermine a plaintiff's claim of employment discrimination - even if the mi sconducts are discovered after the employee is discharged. One of the most significant aspects of the Acquired-Evidence doctrine is that plaintiffs are prohibited from all remedies although the misconduct done by the claimant is discovered after the termination of employment has been put into effect (Bangert et al, 1999). This ruling is essentially distinct from the customary employment discrimination cases in that, it bestows employers a more reasonable summary judgment. The claim for discrimination becomes irrelevant as the emphasis of the employment discrimination case switches towards the employee misconduct. Normally in an employment discrimination case, the argument centers on the employment decision, as for instance, termination of employment, and the purpose of the employer. This only means that the falsification of documents, resume fraud and the legality of a worker's status may reduce or even eliminate the liability of the employer in an employment discrimination suit. Wettre (2007) asserts that the after-acquired evidence defense 'may level the playing field for employers' in the current system whose bias leans towards employees. The scope and range of the after-acquired evidence doctrine are extensive since it applies to a variety of cases with regards to employment law. The scope includes, for instance, an employee who discharged harmful chemicals, an act unknown to his employers, before his termination. The court would normally decide that it is justifiable for the claimant to receive limited or no back pay damages at all in the light of his violations as for example, releasing hazardous chemicals. 1 In other applications of the doctrine, a claimant's prior conviction unknown to his employer and in the first place barred him from employment for the public position, are rationales for his claims to be dismissed.  

Principal of Finance 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Principal of Finance 4 - Essay Example Since a section of the bondholders is in retail investment, they might sell the shares and cause a temporary drop in the General motors’ stock price. This is according to David Whitson, who is an analyst with Morningstar Inc. based in Chicago. He also says that the investors have probably factored in the dilution that would result from the sales and therefore, General Motors’ value in the long term will remain unchanged. He reiterates that he values the shares at $48 each because of their release to bondholders. The promise to the bondholders was made to help them cover some ground financially and investment wise, since they had made losses when the old version of the company declared themselves bankrupt (Welch, 2011). The warrants that were issued to the bondholders for the new General Motors stock are currently in the funds. This is according to Kirk Ludke, CRT capital group’s vice president’s report. This displays the edge bonds have over its peers in the financial market today. Welch, David. "Old GM Bondholders Getting Shares in New General Motors May Depress Price - Bloomberg." Bloomberg - Business, Financial & Economic News, Stock Quotes. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012.

Gulf Oil Spill Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gulf Oil Spill Paper - Essay Example Both the air and water pollutants are primary pollutants (Norse & Amos, 2010). This is because the hydrocarbon fumes, smoke, and the oil are released from the source of pollution directly into the environment. They also keep hold of their chemical components. Question 2 There are a number of effects which are associated to the spill. Numerous different species of animals and coral died. The demise of these marine creatures could be seen as both short-term and long-term effects on the environment and wildlife. Nonetheless, there are other short-term effects of the spill on the wildlife and environment. One, water pollutants may lead to a significant decrease of the marine creatures. Two, oil may penetrate the bodies of marine animals, lessening their insulating capacity, and making them more susceptible to temperature changes and less active in water. The long-term effects include, one, water pollutants may lead to the extinction of species because of the bottlenecking that may happen to attempt to repopulate the creatures. Two, creatures that depend on scent to locate their mothers or babies disappear due to the stout oil smell. This causes the rejection or abandonment of babies, hence their starvation and eventual death (Norse & Amos, 2010). Question 3 The troposphere is closest to the surface of the earth. It has the ability of diluting pollutants. It also moves air pollutants from high pollution production areas to lows production pollution areas. The stratosphere is above the troposphere. Pollutants in this layer remain in the atmosphere for long because they do not disperse. In the mesosphere, temperature lessens with height. Therefore, pollutants remain in the atmosphere for a prolonged period. Temperature augments with height in the thermosphere. Therefore, pollutants are moved from where they have high concentration to other areas. The exosphere is the external layer. This layer enables the movement of pollutants to far distances because molecules and a toms are widely spread. The identified pollutants from the spill will affect the atmosphere. This is because the burned oil releases hydrocarbon fumes and smoke which react to develop ozone in the atmosphere (NOAA, 2013). Question 4 The different cleaning procedures include bioremediation, dispersants, skimming, and natural degradation. Bioremediation Bioremediation entails the employment of micro organism metabolism to get rid of pollutants. It may include ex situ or in situ technologies. Ex situ entails the elimination of the polluted material to be cleaned at a different location. Conversely, in situ entails treating or cleaning the polluted material at the site. Dispersant Dispersants are chemical elements that break the tension that separates water and oil. When a dispersant is sprayed on oil, the oil collects in reduced droplets making them to sink. This facilitates a natural breakdown. Skimming Skimming equipment with fine filtering systems may be utilized to clean up oil spi lls. First, the spill is controlled using booms then the oil is skimmed from the surface. Booms can be made from stout material or neoprene. Natural Degradation The most appropriate way of dealing with an oil spill if it is not probably going to pollute coastal regions or fishing areas is to let it naturally break down (NOAA, 2013). Question 5 There are several new regulations and safety measures for oil drilling. One, organizations are required to provide

Math Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math - Assignment Example To start with, one needs to be able to organize and count their money; this comprises of knowledge of subtraction, division and multiplication. In everyday activities we visit supermarkets and buy items, in case we are not equipped with the knowledge of mathematics, we would not be able to recognize we receive the right change from the shop attendance. Even those individuals having mathematics related phobias cannot seepage the everyday encounters of mathematics in their lives. This is because mathematics ranges from: school, home and workplaces. Traveling involves covering of distances, almost each and every person moves from one place to another in everyday life. It is thus prudent to put into consideration the means of transport one will choose to reach the desired destination. If the individual chooses to use their own private means then, he or she will consider the miles-per-gallon of fuel that the car will consume for trips. In the event that one is faced by obstructions along the way or are forced to take detours. Analysis of available means of transport is done and then the transport means is choosen.The means of transport chosen is achieved at after analyzing the available means of transport. One will evaluate the conformability, time saving and cost of each means of transport before coming to the means of transport to use. Those traveling by air are required to know departure times and arrival schedules of a particular freight. When travelling by mode of air, the weight of luggage is critical and must be considered . Thus those who travel by air may want to risk some substantial baggage surcharges. Individuals buy items from various stores every day. Every noble person puts into consideration the terms of sale being offered by the seller in order to receive the most favorable deal. Trade discounts make be offered in various ways such as; cash discounts where one is either

National Culture and Financial Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

National Culture and Financial Systems - Essay Example Based on the findings of this two-part study, the writer will draw conclusions and make inferences on the subjects. This will include an examination of important elements and aspects of culture and its consequences on the national, firm and individual levels and specific implications for the two countries in the quest. â€Å"Culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns† (Taylor, 2009: 85). Culture refers to the patterns that are generally accepted in a given community. These behavioral patterns dictate what is right and what is wrong in the community. Hence, culture defines a framework of what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. Another definition put forward by the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition states that â€Å"culture is a shared pattern of behaviors, interactions, cognitive constructs and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization† (2012). This means that culture relates to a number of preferences and patterns that are common in a community because the social structures of the community have accepted them and they transmit them to other people. Culture clearly defines the social system of a community and sets a clear framework for what is right and what is wrong. Organizations take inputs from the environment, process them into outputs which they offer to customers. Customers are products of the society. Hence, customers are influenced by the norms, values, and culture of the society. Due to this, cultural analysis is an important aspect of business success. Thus, a business must undertake an analysis of culture in order to succeed. It can be demonstrated on the national, firm and individual level.

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan - Assignment Example Traditionally, the Japanese have not encouraged foreign investment, as a matter of fact, they have been hostile towards foreigners investing in their country, especially in the manufacturing sector. Any foreign investment currently coming into Japan is in the service industry, especially hi-tech industries such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology. Japan itself has abundant technologies but is not using these technologies in an appropriate manner (Finance and Investment). The current escalation of the Yen against other global currencies has served to make worse the disparity between Japan’s increasing investment and the dearth of foreign investments into Japan. When the strong Yen is compared with exceptional cultural, it seems that foreign investment in Japan might never increase. The Japanese government is intensifying its efforts to overcome these hurdles and increase foreign direct investment in Japan. Towards this, the government has established the Invest Japan Business Support Center and formulated an all-inclusive, wide-ranging Industry Attraction Plan (Finance and Investment). Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. ... Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. Foreign companies that acquire Japanese companies usually disregard Japanese business culture with the contention since they control the company, business should be done according to their own established ways dominant in the West (Finance and Investment). Western businessmen should revere Japanese culture to address employee apprehensions, while explaining to them the necessity of changing their perceptions. This increases commercial worth and also increases stakeholders’ si gnificance for employees, customers and the community at large. This business model has proved successful in Japan, and the lessons learnt from these successes will encourage foreigner companies to invest in Japan. Companies that adhere to Japanese culture and show concern for their employees have a much better chance of succeeding than companies whose main motive is to generate as much return on investment by sacking employees and selling of company assets (ACCI Journal). Acquisitions that will not meet with resistance Foreign investors were strongly advised not to do business in Japan in an offensive or provoking manner. Better still, it was advised to select areas for investment that will not be

Accounting + Finance - auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting + Finance - auditing - Essay Example Audit concentration with big 4 is a globalised issue. An â€Å"analysis of auditor concentration among G8 economies revealed a high of 99% in Italy, followed by UK (98%), the US (97%), Canada 96%, and Russia (90%). Japan revealed a lower auditor concentration of 84%- while the reasons are unknown, increased activity is occurring in the Japanese audit market owing to PwC winding down their affiliates earlier this year. Relatively lower concentration in Germany (83%) cannot be attributed to any particular cause, whereas G8’s lowest concentration levels in France (61%) are largely due to the implementation of French joint- auditing regulations which were imposed in 1966. Across G8 the Big 4 firms accounted for an average of 91% of the market.† (Grant Thornton LLP, 2008)1. The 98% concentrated UK large audit market can further be divided into two segments; first segment is of FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 companies, and the other segment is of smaller listed companies. The concentration of large audits is evidenced by the fact that segment of â€Å"FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 are supplied audit services almost exclusively by Big Four, which audit all but one FTSE 100 companies, and 242 FTSE 250 companies. The other segment of market- smaller listed companies- is supplied by both the Big Four and mid- tier firms. Even here, the Big Four individually have significantly higher market shares than mid- tier firms.† (Oxera, page iv)2 Quantum wise larger audit assignments are only a small portion of total audit market in UK, and 98% of this section of total pool of audit work is concentrated with Big 4 firm. The Big four (Ernst & Young, KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers, and Deloitte) have an advantage because â€Å"the reputation and depth of resources of big firms put them in a strong position to mitigate the agency and costly contracting costs that are increasingly

CMT3321 Coursework 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CMT3321 Coursework 2 - Essay Example cesses and spaces for people find themselves stretching the provisions of prototyping elements to communicate and explore what it will require to integrate or understand the design concepts that are being developed. In this project, prototype has been used as a representation of the model made prior to the final artifact. It has been created to direct the design decisions and design process of the game. Generally, prototypes range from illustrations (sketches) and various kinds of models at different levels-â€Å"works like†, â€Å"behaves like† â€Å"looks like†-to find and find and inform on the propositions relating to the model and its background (Wilson, 2010). Within the modeled interactive system, prototype is key activity. Many a group of researchers and designers have been acting in extending the limits of prototyping the provisions of traditional techniques. They have also developed the understanding of the importance of different kinds of prototypes. For example, Hill and Houde discuss different purposes for archetypes as being important in the function an artifact all will achieve, its â€Å"feel and look† and how the system will be configured. Other works have described such as different degrees of reliability, archetypes for various audiences and designs for use in the setting of participatory models. Experience, in the context of prototyping, refers to the subjective, complex and dynamic phenomenon in an activity. Whether in the classroom or general environment, experience in prototype design depends on the perception of several characters of a model, interpreted via filters connected to contextual elements. With respect to the prototype used in this project, the perception of experience relates to Hill and Houde’s description of experience as the â€Å"feel and look† of a system or product. However, experience surpasses the feel and look of a system. The game designed in this project has the ability to serve an extra function in the life of the

Relational Data Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relational Data Model - Assignment Example The attribute "is leader" should be removed from the table Candidate because this information already exists in the table Party. It is possible to get to know if a Candidate is leader of any party with looking through references to leaders in the table Party. .. First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth Party Pk_id Fk_leader name address date established Candidate Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth is leader Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing duplicative data: Meet all the requirements of the first normal form. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables. Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign keys. (Chapple 2005) So, personal information, such as name (first, middle, last), address, gender, and date of birth can be taken apart into separate table Person. It also should have a primary key named Pk_id. Then tables Elector and Candidate should reference to it via secondary (foreign) key Fk_person. Therefore there are 5 tables in the relational database schema for the 2NF: Person Pk_id First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth Electorate Pk_id unique name number of registered voters Elector Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party_vote Fk_candidate_vote Fk_person Party Pk_id Fk_leader name address date established Candidate Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party Fk_person is leader Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further: Meet all the requirements of the second normal form. Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key. (Chapple 2005) The attribute "is leader" should be removed from the table Candidate because this information already exists in the table Party. It is possible to get to know if a Candidate is leader of any party with looking through references to leaders in the table Party. There's no attributes that are not dependent upon the primary key. Here are

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Direct Investment in Japan - Assignment Example Traditionally, the Japanese have not encouraged foreign investment, as a matter of fact, they have been hostile towards foreigners investing in their country, especially in the manufacturing sector. Any foreign investment currently coming into Japan is in the service industry, especially hi-tech industries such as pharmaceutical and biotechnology. Japan itself has abundant technologies but is not using these technologies in an appropriate manner (Finance and Investment). The current escalation of the Yen against other global currencies has served to make worse the disparity between Japan’s increasing investment and the dearth of foreign investments into Japan. When the strong Yen is compared with exceptional cultural, it seems that foreign investment in Japan might never increase. The Japanese government is intensifying its efforts to overcome these hurdles and increase foreign direct investment in Japan. Towards this, the government has established the Invest Japan Business Support Center and formulated an all-inclusive, wide-ranging Industry Attraction Plan (Finance and Investment). Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. ... Making small changes in the law and incentives by the government really help, but the real issues that discourages foreign investors is Japan’s exceptional culture and the barriers between Japanese culture and other Western Cultures which highlights the difference between both forms of capitalism. The difference is that American companies keep the interests of their shareholders as their highest priority; Japanese workers feel that Japanese companies keep the interest of the stakeholders paramount. Foreign companies that acquire Japanese companies usually disregard Japanese business culture with the contention since they control the company, business should be done according to their own established ways dominant in the West (Finance and Investment). Western businessmen should revere Japanese culture to address employee apprehensions, while explaining to them the necessity of changing their perceptions. This increases commercial worth and also increases stakeholders’ si gnificance for employees, customers and the community at large. This business model has proved successful in Japan, and the lessons learnt from these successes will encourage foreigner companies to invest in Japan. Companies that adhere to Japanese culture and show concern for their employees have a much better chance of succeeding than companies whose main motive is to generate as much return on investment by sacking employees and selling of company assets (ACCI Journal). Acquisitions that will not meet with resistance Foreign investors were strongly advised not to do business in Japan in an offensive or provoking manner. Better still, it was advised to select areas for investment that will not be

Accounting + Finance - auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accounting + Finance - auditing - Essay Example Audit concentration with big 4 is a globalised issue. An â€Å"analysis of auditor concentration among G8 economies revealed a high of 99% in Italy, followed by UK (98%), the US (97%), Canada 96%, and Russia (90%). Japan revealed a lower auditor concentration of 84%- while the reasons are unknown, increased activity is occurring in the Japanese audit market owing to PwC winding down their affiliates earlier this year. Relatively lower concentration in Germany (83%) cannot be attributed to any particular cause, whereas G8’s lowest concentration levels in France (61%) are largely due to the implementation of French joint- auditing regulations which were imposed in 1966. Across G8 the Big 4 firms accounted for an average of 91% of the market.† (Grant Thornton LLP, 2008)1. The 98% concentrated UK large audit market can further be divided into two segments; first segment is of FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 companies, and the other segment is of smaller listed companies. The concentration of large audits is evidenced by the fact that segment of â€Å"FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 are supplied audit services almost exclusively by Big Four, which audit all but one FTSE 100 companies, and 242 FTSE 250 companies. The other segment of market- smaller listed companies- is supplied by both the Big Four and mid- tier firms. Even here, the Big Four individually have significantly higher market shares than mid- tier firms.† (Oxera, page iv)2 Quantum wise larger audit assignments are only a small portion of total audit market in UK, and 98% of this section of total pool of audit work is concentrated with Big 4 firm. The Big four (Ernst & Young, KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers, and Deloitte) have an advantage because â€Å"the reputation and depth of resources of big firms put them in a strong position to mitigate the agency and costly contracting costs that are increasingly

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG) Essay

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG) - Essay Example This substance blocks/narrows the coronary arteries thereby decreasing the blood that flows to the heart muscle. Severe blockage can lead to heart attack, shortness of breath, and chest pain or discomposure/angina. One way in which CHD is treated is through CABG, whereby a cardiothoracic surgeon grafts/connects a healthy vein/artery from the body to the obstructed coronary artery. The grafted vein/artery bypasses the coronary artery’s obstructed portion, which forms a new passage, and the surgeon routs oxygenated blood around the obstruction to the heart muscle (Nih.gov, 2010). Parks explains that a bypass usually involves open-chest surgery as well as making use of a heart-lung bypass machine for circulating blood and oxygenating it. He gives a number of newer, bypass surgery methods that are less invasive and that can be used in place of open-chest surgery in some cases. One such technique entails the use of minimally invasive procedures/keyhole procedures in place of open-c hest surgery. Keyhole procedures involve the use of a number of smaller chest openings and they may not or may call for the use of a heart-lung machine. In procedures where a heart-lung bypass machine is not used, medicine is used to slow the heart although is continues beating during the process (Parks, 2009).

Eyvonne's Theory's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eyvonne's Theory's - Essay Example This theory attempts to explain different masculinities by questioning what was taken for granted in existing understandings of nature and society, they revealed such knowledge as male knowledge which gave a spurious legitimacy to women's inferiority. This theory could help to change the role of men as national leaders and sport stars. By redefining the most intimate of human relations as political, rather than as private, radical feminists politicized sexuality and exposed men's normal, everyday behavior as a widespread social problem. The approach is to revise the status of women in the society and gives them more freedom and independence in political and social spheres (Reinharz and Davidman 23). Social constructivism allows a researcher to explain and examine how social processes develop in social environments. Applied to masculinity, this theory helps to examine gender differences as social constructed phenomena and social interaction. This theory attempts to explain different masculinities to explain how people make sense of experience in everyday interaction or in problem-solving activities. Social constructivism ought to be useful in predicting how any given set of circumstances might be changed to improve the opportunities of persons who wish to learn in such situations. Masculinities can be thought of as a social process of making sense of experience in terms of what is known. To improve social relations, therefore, a n individual might consider how to improve the quality of each of the four components (i.e., social process, making sense, experience, extant knowledge). Social constructivism might offer a solution to such problems as socialized gender roles and health related problems. This theory can help men to think in terms of improving the quality of their health, providing a range of meaningful experiences to each learner, and making it possible for each one to become aware of their relevant prior knowledge and apply it to the process of healthy life style. The solution is to change traditional gender roles based on real life experience and knowledge (Reinharz and Davidman 38). Part 2 "Fear of Falling" vividly portrays social and personal problem s faced by middle class women in modern society. Liberal feminism could help to analyze and examine problems and roots of social identity and professional development. Many women have followed a long tradition of campaigning for improved rights and opportunities for women without seriously questioning the existing organization of society (Orenstein 53). Gender socialization of adolescents is influenced by modern social relations which are concerned primarily with concepts of justice and equality. Women suffer injustices because of their sex and are organized around campaigns for equality and redistribution: equal pay, equal civil rights, equal access to education, health and welfare, equal access to the democratic political process (Reinharz and Davidman 102). A research plan would aim to test the main concepts and notions which influence professional life of women and their social relations. The hypothesis would be based on the idea that women are widely discriminated against because of their gender, but does not identify the relations between the sexes as specific power relations. The hy

Lenin and Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Lenin and Philosophy Essay The images dispersed through this document attempt to give an example of how women are systematically removed from their sports settings, and placed within a more feminized or sexualized manner. In this way, we can see how over and over, in the images of Chynna Doll, Kristina Korneacouvia and others are used further entrench the socio-cultural rules which place within a limited and static gender role. The images illustrated throughout this paper are clear examples of Mulvey’s â€Å"male gaze† paradigm. In most of these photographs the athlete was professionally made up. Their hair was styled in the wind blown look often used on models, they wore makeup, and they were each dressed in sexually suggestive, revealing clothing. In doing so, the media acts within the paradigm of hegemony by sending mixed messages. Particularly, sports magazine may seem to portraying female athletes in a positive light, yet there is a constant trivialization of the actual performance in sports. This allows those that maintain the power and create the rules to allow women a limited role, while simultaneously maintaining the all-pervasive social dictations on the role of women as passive objects within a male dominated society. In this light, women in sports advertising are women first and athletes second. The status quo of gender hierarchy is maintained by muffling images of strong women, while simultaneously re-encoding women as sexual objects. The 1996 Olympics brought much success to female athletes. Many proponents of women’s rights and equality in sports though that this marked the final acceptance of women in the sports arena. Women’s sports magazines flourished during this time as well. Unfortunately, despite the athletic success on the playing felid and an increase coverage in the media, the media depicted women in less active rolls, oftentimes showing them in their home and family settings, or dressed in their athletic gear in a provocative way. In this sense, women are allowed to participate in sports, but the underlying message is one that keeps the backdrop of women in the domestic and sexual field. This is a further entrenchment of the aforementioned ideological hegemony of male superiority. Furthermore, this fact reinforces the dominant cultural order that blatantly sexualizes the female experience of success and merit in the sports arena. Ann Balsmo (1996) in her Technologies of the Engendered Body, discusses this phenomenon, stating â€Å"To be both female and strong today violates traditional codes of feminine identity. Any attempt to reconstruct the body is transgressive out by using signifiers of hyper-femininity. † Herein lies the essence of this analysis; women today are caught within the traditional structure of male-dominated hegemony and the perpetuation of this domination through the against the ‘natural’ identity of the female body. The transgression is balanced vehicle of the mass media. Through the light of social and individual discovery, it is now time to take back these traditionally held power roles, allowing a woman’s body and physical accomplishments to be as worthy of merit and public praise as those of her male counterparts. Works Cited Althusser, Louis. Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays. (Online version) Balsamo, Anne. Technologies of the Gendered Body. Duke Univ. Press, 1996. Blinde, E. , Greendorfer, S. , Shanker, R. (1991). Differential media coverage of men’s and women’s intercollegiate basketball: Reflection of gender ideology. Journal of Sport Social Issues 15, 98–114.

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled Band Essay The social and historical settings in the stories mean that although both stories are about crime and detectives, they are almost seperate genres as far as detective stories go. However, they have a very similar structure. Both stories start with a desperate young woman asking for help in solving a crime. In the middle of both stories, the detectives investigate the crimes and find evidence. Holmes does this mostly at the scene of the crime whereas the Op goes to the police station and peoples apartments to interview people involved. Both storied have similar endings in that the detectives solve the crimes very cleverly and then explain to the other characters how they did it. This is a way to explain to the reader how they did it, so the plot makes sense. However, Death on Pine Street ends with a display of the roughness of the Op, as he knocks the tennant down the steps. Holmes did not act in this manner. The differences also lie in the characters other than the detectives. The Speckled Band has far fewer characters, as it is focused on a far smaller location. The victims of the stories are different. In The Speckled Band we feel sorry for Miss Stoner and her sister, they are innocent young girls being cruelly mistreated by a vicious stepfather. We cant really feel very sorry for Gilmore as he is a crook and a serial adulterer. His death may have been an accident, but he probably did deserve it. Dr. Roylott is obviously made out to be the evil, vicious villian of The Speckled Band, but Death on Pine Street is set in an environment where just about everyone is unpleasant and involved in some sort of shady activity; this is again due to the socio-historic setting of the story. The Speckled Band takes on a typically Victorian view of woman, innocently in need of rescue by a heroic character like Holmes. In Death on Pine Street it is just the opposite; the women are tough, they can do things for themselves, and like Cara Kenbrook, are far from innocent. There is also a lot more violence in Death on Pine Street than in The Speckled Band, this again, shows us the difference between 1890s England and 1930s America. The language difference is also clearly seen, Holmes story being spoken in standard english, and Death on Pine Street full of slang terms and americanisms. Both stories give us a good representation of what it was actually like in those periods of time. Because Sherlock Holmes was the first fictional detective it is easy to see how later detective stories like Death on Pine Street were influenced by him. But the whole atmosphere and morality of the two stories is different. The different historical and social circumstances are easily noticable.The language spoken, the attitude of the characters and the overall morals are different. The Speckled Band is a classic, simple Good Versus Evil story, with Good prevailing as usual. However Death on Pine Street has a general feeling of corruption, distrust and seems full of double crossings. The more modern story is influenced by classic features of Holmes such as his strength of character, brilliant mind and use of a complex mystery, however the modern American setting has meant changes to the classic English style. Death on Pine Street blurs the borders between good and evil, which I find interesting. The classic Holmes approach, whilst enjoyable, can seem unrealistic, considering present day life. Both stories are very enjoyable in their own way, as I stated before they could almost be in seperate genres. The element of mystery is used well in both stories, and both stories have interesting characters. I think the fact that they are both so ingenious is what compells us to read on; we want to know how they managed to solve such a complex puzzle. Although from differing times and places, they are both prime examples of what a detective story should be.

Theories of Government Control of the Internet

Theories of Government Control of the Internet Critically analyse Lawrence Lessigs argument that the ability of governments to control activities within cyberspace is determined by the codes of cyberspace. The Internet enables individuals to access a ‘new realm of human activity’[1] and has affected the lives of billions of people. Due to the effect that the Internet has on citizens of all states, many called for legal involvement. The increasing use of the Internet for commercial purposes sparked initiatives to attempt to legally regulate the system[2]. Internet traffic is carried over vast communications networks which are owned and controlled by public and private sector providers. The European Commission has had to step in on a number of occasions were a merger of providers would be a breach of competition laws, due to the stake of the market each provider has.[3] Ian Lloyd states that the internet is similar to other forms of communication as it is heavily regulated but it lacks specific legal provisions[4]. The Communications Act 2003 is said to have few provisions regarding internet regulation. At a national level, communication regulation has operated for years and international agencies like the International Telecommunications Union adopts a more functional role towards regulating. As the Internet is a global tool, policing and regulating it seems a considerable legal and political question. Some argue that the internet is governed by internet users as they reach a consensus. Regulatory structures are seen to evolve on their own rather than develop in an organised way. Lawrence Lessig believes that governments’ attempts to regulate the internet will fail. He concedes however, that governments may be able to regulate the architecture of the Internet and in turn it could develop into a form of regulation across all areas[5]. Lessig proposes that internet sites should have greater power to identify customers so as to recognise individuals’ credentials[6]. This form of indirect regulation would form a basis of self-regulation within cyberspace. He states that the state may affect Internet service providers (ISPs) from regulating an aspect which will make it more difficult for it to do business.[7] Further e-commerce will lead to greater involvement of the state due to the commercial nature of these transactions thus making identification of parties easy. Lessig continues by warning that if the Internet is regulated by a ‘closed code’ then the state’s effectiveness to regulate remains unchanged. If however, the Internet adopts an ‘open code’ then it will act as a check on the governments’ power.[8] The internet is defined by a set of protocols (TCP/IP) which are rules for how your computer will interact with a server and vice versa. These protocols make interaction possible as users agree on simple protocol of data exchange. A ‘closed code’ has bothered many which believe that an ‘open code’ fits in with the values of the internet of free and easy file sharing. This code is a public code, which people may view without gaining permission of others and so facilitates transparency. Alternative views state that the rise in e-commerce will result in greater input of the state, but there are problems connected to regulating e-commerce. Rowland Macdonald point out there are inherent difficulties when regulating e-commerce as it is not geographically or jurisdictionally restricted and there are also competing pressures whether to regulate or not to regulate as seen in Lessig’s argument [9]. Lars Davis states that two dangers must be avoided[10]. The first danger is under-regulation, as this would lead to the perception that e-commerce is an activity that contains an unacceptable high element of risk and so it will prevent parties from people participating in commercial activity on the Internet. This decrease in commercial activity will be regardless whether they are commercial entities or they are consumers. The second danger is over-regulation. The market would become rigid and inflexible which can be said to be the Internet’s most appealing feature. This in turn would lead to a stifling in development and perhaps in commercial entities setting up in jurisdictions which have less rigid regulations. Davis states that these ‘regulation havens’ which have a reduced or minimal control is a distinct possibility. The overly strong control could be detrimental to the attractiveness of parties conducting e-commerce. The benefits offered by e-commerce would be lost to markets with less rigid regulations and so economic development would suffer in those countries which have rigid regulations. Rowland Madonald note a further difficulty in deciding where the scope of a particular state’s regulation should extend[11]. They ask the question whether it should extend to ‘businesses that are based in another state but which conduct business with consumers or businesses in the particular state?’ The geographical factors which usually make the scope of a jurisdiction easy to see are blurred when relating to internet commerce. They use the example of the EC Directive on Certain Aspects of Electronic Commerce in the Internal Market[12] to show an attempt to create a ‘balance point’ between member states and regulating e-commerce. The Directive recognises the difficulties which commercial entities face when having to take into account different legal regimes. The ‘country of origin’ principle which EC member states adhere to, allow the regulations of one state the right not to be discriminated against the regulations of another. In other words, once marketed in the home state, it can be marketed in all member states. However, these regulations which provide a balance for e-commerce provide little help when dealing with commercial entities that are not based in the EU. By using the Directive as an example, we see that incompatibility with its clauses regarding e-commerce could result in an action being taken and a case being brought in the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and a judgment against a party. If the commercial entities are not EC member states then there is no authoritative organ which can force a party to comply with the regulations. Amit Sachdeva proposes that rules governing private international law are inadequate to deal with e-commerce[13]. Sachdeva states there are four solutions to the problem of regulating cyberspace and its jurisdiction. First, the laws could be expanded to include the Internet. This suggestion is taken by Davies but as noted, the problem of an over-regulated system would be detrimental to many economies. Secondly, the establishment of a new international organisation to propose a set of rules appropriate for cyberspace jurisdiction would be beneficial to governments when attempting to legislate. Thirdly, these decisions need to take into account commercial entities acting as a decentralised body of various actors and stakeholder. Lastly, he proposes a treaty based international harmonisation model where rules are certain and predictable and at the same time flexible in order to ensure that the potential benefits of this technology are meaningfully consumed by individuals[14]. However, S achdeva warns that a comprehensive treaty based solution on all possible issues is an unrealistic target as the apparent youth of the Internet suggests that a number of complex issues are yet to be seen[15]. Georgios Zekos believes that new terminology, which recognizes the complexity of the Internet relationship and state, is necessary[16]. He suggests that a cyberspace jurisdiction should be used for cyberspace actions as their actions are only felt in cyberspace. Zekos proposes that cyber courts and cyber arbitral tribunals could have jurisdiction to solve all actions taking place on the net and the enforcement of their awards and decisions will be made according to international conventions on internet enforcement and e-awards[17]. Therefore, cyberspace does not owe sovereignty to any state but only to cyberspace itself. Conclusion Before adopting any model or any combination of different models, it must be remembered that the internet is here to stay, and so is the potential to commit and facilitate unlawful acts, and the resultant litigation by commercial entities or individuals. We have heard of Lessig’s argument, but have also seen acts made by the EC in order to regulate internet use. Certainly, with growing numbers of Internet users and the growth of e-commerce, more breaches of law will arise and it is for the states to find an appropriate balance between over-regulating and under-regulating the Internet. Bibliography Johnson, D.R. and Post, D. ‘Law BordersThe Rise of Law in Cyberspace† (1996) 48 Stanford Law Review Lessig, L. The Code and other laws of cyberspace 1999. New York, Basic Books. Lloyd, Ian J. Information Technology Law 5th ed. 2008. New York, Oxford University Press Reed, C. Angel, J. Computer Law: The Law and Regulation of Information Technology 6th ed. 2008. New York, Oxford Universtiy Press. Rowland, D. Macdonald, E. Information Technology Law 2008. London, Cavendish. Sachdeva, A.M. ‘International jurisdiction in cyberspace: a comparative perspective’. Computer and Telecommunications Law Review 13(8), 2007; 245-258. Zekos,G.I. ‘State cyberspace jurisdiction and personal cyberspace jurisdiction’. International Journal of Law Information Technology 15 (1) 2007. pp 1-37. Footnotes [1] David R. Johnson and David G. Post, (1996)p.1367 [2] Liability for breach of the statutorily implied terms as to the quality of goods in s.14 of the Sales of Goods Act 1979. [3] Proposed merger of MCI/Sprint and Worldcom. Case No. COMP/M.1741-MCI. [4] Lloyd (2008) p.457 [5] Lessig (1999) p.49 [6] Lessig p.50. [7] P51. He uses an example of a mandatory ‘traceability regulation’ where software could trace the user when he provides minimal level of identification. The state could then legislate, making it mandatory for banks to do business with ISPs which have traceability software. [8] Lessig p 100 [9] Rowland Macdonald (2008) p.243. [10] Lars Davies- www.scl.org/content/ecommerce, s1.3.2. Report funded by the Society for Computer and Law. [11] Rowland Macdonald (2008) p.244. [12] 2000/31/EC [13] Sachdeva (2007) p.245. [14] Ibid p. 255. [15] Ibid p.256. [16] Georgios Zekos (2007) p.2 [17] Ibid p.36.